University. And all such by-laws and regulations when reduced into writing, and after the Common Seal of the said University shall have been affixed thereto, shall be binding upon all persons Members thereof, and all Candidates for Degrees to be conferred by the same; all such by-laws and regulations having been first submitted to one of our Principal Secretaries of State, and approved of and countersigned by him.

AND WE FURTHER WILL AND ORDAIN, That all questions which shall come before the Chancellor, ViceChancellor and Fellows shall be decided by the Majority of the Members present; and the Chairman at any such Meeting shall have a Vote, and in case of an equality of Votes a second or casting Vote.

That no question shall be decided at any Meeting, unless the Chancellor or Vice-Chancellor and Five Fellows, or, in the absence of the Chancellor and ViceChancellor, unless Six Fellows at the least, shall be present at the time of such decision.

That at every Meeting of the said Chancellor, ViceChancellor and Fellows, the Chancellor, or in his absence the Vice-Chancellor, shall preside as Chairman, or in the absence of both a Chairman shall be chosen by the Members present, or the major part of them.

AND WE FURTHER will and ORDAIN, That the said Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor and Fellows for the time being shall have full power from time to time to appoint, and, as they shall see occasion, to remove, all Examiners, Officers and Servants of the said University.

AND WE FURTHER WILL AND ORDAIN, That once at least in every year the said Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor and Fellows shall cause to be held an Examination of Candidates for Degrees, and on every such examination the Candidates shall be examined either by Examiners appointed for the purpose from among the Fellows by the said Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor and Fellows, or by

other Examiners so to be appointed; and that on every such examination the Candidates shall be examined in as many branches of general knowledge as the said Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor and Fellows shall consider the most fitting subjects of such examination.

AND WHEREAS it is expedient to extend the benefits of Colleges and Establishments already instituted or which may be hereafter instituted for the promotion of Literature, Science, and Art, whether incorporated or not incorporated, by connecting them for such purposes with the University created by this our Royal Charter : WE do hereby further will and ordain, That all persons shall be admitted as Candidates for the respective Degrees of Bachelor of Arts, Master of Arts, Bachelor of Laws, or Doctor of Laws, to be conferred by the said University of London, on presenting to the said Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor and Fellows a Certificate from any of the Institutions hereinafter mentioned, to the effect that such Candidate has completed the Course of Instruction which the said Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor and Fellows by regulation in that behalf shall determine.

AND, That such Certificates as aforesaid may be granted from our College called University College, or from our College called King's College, both situate in London, or from such other Institution, corporate or unincorporated, as now is or hereafter shall be established for the purposes of Education, whether in the Metropolis or elsewhere within our United Kingdom, and as WE, our Heirs and Successors, under our or their Sign Manual, shall hereafter authorize to issue such Certificates.

AND, for the purpose of granting the Degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Doctor of Medicine, and for the improvement of Medical Education in all its branches as well in Medicine as in Surgery, Midwifery and Pharmacy; WE DO FURTHER HEREBY WILL AND ORDAIN, That the said Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor and Fellows shall from time to time report to one of our Principal Secretaries of

State what appear to them to be the Medical Institutions and Schools, whether corporate or unincorporated, in this our Metropolis or in other parts of our United Kingdom, from which, either singly or jointly with other Medical Institutions and Schools in this country or in Foreign Parts, it may be fit and expedient, in the judgement of the said Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor and Fellows, to admit Candidates for Medical Degrees, and on approval of such Report by our said Secretary of State shall admit all Persons as Candidates for the respective Degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Doctor of Medicine to be conferred by the said University, on presenting to the said Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor and Fellows a Certificate from any such Institution or School, to the effect that such Candidate has completed the Course of Instruction which the said Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor and Fellows by regulation in that behalf shall determine; and it shall be lawful for the said Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor and Fellows from time to time, with the approval of one of our Principal Secretaries of State, to vary, alter and amend any such Reports, by striking out any of the said Institutions or Schools included therein, or by adding others thereunto.

AND WE FURTHER WILL AND ORDAIN, That the said Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor and Fellows shall have power, after examination, to confer the several Degrees of Bachelor of Arts, Master of Arts, Bachelor of Laws, Doctor of Laws, Bachelor of Medicine, Doctor of Medicine, and to examine for Medical Degrees in the four branches of Medicine, Surgery, Midwifery, and Pharmacy; and that such reasonable Fees shall be charged for the Degrees so conferred as the said Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor and Fellows, with the approbation of the Commissioners of our Treasury, shall from time to time direct; and such Fees shall be carried to one general Fee Fund for the payment of the expenses of the said University, under the directions and regulations of the Commissioners of our Treasury, to whom the Accounts

of Income and Expenditure of the said University shall once in every year be submitted, which Accounts shall be subject to such Examination and Audit as the said Commissioners may direct.

AND WE FURTHER WILL AND ORDAIN, That at the conclusion of every examination of the Candidates the Examiners shall declare the name of every Candidate whom they shall have deemed to be entitled to any of the said Degrees, and the Departments of Knowledge in which his proficiency shall have been evinced, and also his proficiency in relation to that of other Candidates; and he shall receive from the said Chancellor a Certificate, under the Seal of the said University of London, and signed by the said Chancellor, in which the particulars so declared shall be stated.

PROVIDED ALWAYS, That all By-laws and Regulations made from time to time touching the examinations of Candidates and granting of Degrees, shall be submitted for the consideration of one of our Principal Secretaries of State, to be approved of by him.

AND LASTLY, WE do hereby, for Us, our Heirs, and Successors, grant and declare, That these our Letters Patent, or the enrolment or exemplification thereof, shall be in and by all things valid and effectual in Law according to the true intent and meaning of the same, and shall be construed and adjudged in the most favourable and beneficial sense for the best advantage of the said University, as well in all our Courts as elsewhere, notwithstanding any nonrecital, misrecital, uncertainty, or imperfection in these our Letters Patent.

IN WITNESS whereof WE have caused these our Letters to be made Patent.

WITNESS Ourself, at our Palace of Westminster, this fifth day of December, in the First Year of our Reign.

VICTORIA, by the grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Queen, Defender of the Faith, To all to whom these presents shall come, greeting.

WHEREAS by our Letters Patent, under the Great Seal of our said United Kingdom, bearing date at Westminster the 5th day of December in the first year of our reign, We did grant, declare and constitute certain persons therein mentioned, and all the persons who might thereafter be appointed to be Chancellor or Fellows as thereinafter mentioned, One Body Politic and Corporate by the name of THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON: And We did by our said Charter further will and ordain, that the Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor and Fellows for the time being of the said University should have full power from time to time to make and alter any By-laws and Regulations (so as the same were not repugnant to the laws of our Realm or to the general objects and provisions of that our Charter) touching the matters therein mentioned and in general touching all other matters whatsoever regarding the said University; and all such By-laws and Regulations, when reduced into writing and after the Common Seal of the said University should have been affixed thereto, should be binding upon all persons members thereof, and all Candidates for Degrees to be conferred by the same, all such By-laws and Regulations having been first submitted to one of our principal Secretaries of State, and approved of and countersigned by him And We did further will and ordain, that once at least in every year the Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor and Fellows of the said University should cause to be held an Examination of Candidates for Degrees; and on every such Examination the Candidates should be examined either by Examiners appointed for the purpose from among the Fellows by the said Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor and Fellows, or by other Examiners so to be ap