A galvanized 10, 12 or 14 quart pail is desirable for holding the disinfectant to be employed in each operation, and should be used for no other purpose. It will be most convenient to mark it at two quart spaces. The rubber tubing should be thoroughly rinsed in the disinfectant solution after use, particular attention being paid to the end that is inserted in the sheath, and placed with the other apparatus in a clean place, preferably in a closet constructed for the purpose.

A five gallon galvanized kerosene can is admirably adapted for holding the stock solution, and is very convenient. Care should be taken to secure a can having a rather large spigot, so that unnecessary delay in drawing the solution for the operation will be avoided.

The stock solution of disinfectant and the disinfecting outfit, containers, pump and rubber tube, described above, should be protected against dirt and dust, and should at all times be ready for immediate use. The most practical plan is to make up enough of the stock solution of cresol (1%) to last three or four weeks, and keep it in the special jar or can, like the container here illustrated. Only as much of the disinfectant should be drawn off at a time as is to be used in one operation.

After each disinfection, the pump, hose and small pail should be returned clean to their covered shelf or closet where they will be ready for future use. It should be a rigid rule that no part of the disinfecting outfit be used for any other purpose.

Stock Solution

THE TRAINING OF THE BULL

The majority of men look upon any operation connected with handling the bull as a most unpleasant affair, and well they may. But usually the bull is not to blame for the impression of mistrust and fear surrounding him, as a disagreeable disposition is quite naturally the result of insufficient or improper training and lack of exercise.

After he passes the stage of calfhood he is, as a rule, the most neglected farm animal, and many of his thrilling acts are done through sheer ignorance on his part. He no more under

Fig 3-Showing Arrangement for Leading a Vicious Bull. One Rope

may be Displaced by the Staff

stands the use of a staff, if applied only when he becomes dangerous, and then only at long intervals, than does the horse understand the rein when he is hitched up for the first time at three years of age and afterwards only a few times a year.

Training the bull to lead not only greatly lessens the danger and agony accompanying the necessary operations, but it is the keynote of successful breeding and dairying. Many wellbred bulls arriving at the point where another year or two would prove their worth through the performance of their daughters, find their way to the block because of the difficulty of handling, or when they cannot be longer utilized in that herd fail to find another owner because they jeopardize attendants and are always looked upon with distrust.

Time spent in teaching him to lead, first as a calf by halter or ring and as a yearling by means of the staff, is time profitably spent and fully justified. No dairy or farm operation deserves more attention. When the bull is thoroughly familiar with the staff, its use meets with a ready response and the animal does not go backwards or double up in some awkward position where, due to his great strength, he makes his keeper as helpless as a leaf in the mouth of a hurricane.

The bull should be given regular and frequent exercise. A strong paddock opening from his stall, preferably not so wide (12 to 25 ft.) but that he can be driven to his stall by the attendant who remains outside of the pen, and containing not less than 750 square feet, should be provided. Bulls that are worked are generally very easy to handle. They should always be handled kindly, but carefully and firmly.

Naturally it is less difficult to accustom the young bull to the disinfecting operation than one that is mature. When the bull is made secure and the operator is not in danger any bull can be taught to submit to the disinfection process. After a while he comes to consider it as a part of the breeding operation. One of the bulls in the College herd (five years old) has reached the stage where he is rather difficult to catch and requires two men to lead, yet after he is once in hand he submits readily to the operation of disinfection, both before and after service. Another bull, now seven years old, passed through a difficult stage of handling at four to five years, but never objected to the disinfection. This particular animal has, by careful handling, developed into a very tractable bull. Neither of the two bulls was handled enough as a youngster. These bulls are disinfected after securely confining their heads in a stanchion or to some secure part of the pen.

The mature bull, at the first disinfecting, can make considerable trouble. It is necessary to have a strong pen or paddock for confining him. It may be desirable or necessary to construct a disinfecting chute in connection with the breeding pen or rack. The chute through which the bull must pass to reach the cow being about 31⁄2 to 4 feet in width, may be so arranged that he can be securely enclosed on all sides long enough to undergo the disinfecting operation, permitting the operator to work from the outside of the chute. When such an arrangement is not available he may be prevented from covering too wide an area with the hind legs, or from kicking, by placing a strong 2′′ by 6′′ or 2" by 8" plank across the pen just below the flank and in front of the hocks, the operator working in front of the board.

It is recommended, and in fact it is quite obligatory, that two persons take part in the operation of disinfection.

HOW TO CARRY OUT THE DISINFECTION

In our work we are disinfecting before and after service. When the disease is active this is undoubtedly the best and safest procedure. The bacteria apparently remain in the sheath for a considerable period of time, and possibly propagate there, so that disinfection before service only may not destroy all of them. Disinfection after service should in most cases destroy all of the B. abortus bacteria, but, as has been stated, it should not be depended upon entirely where the disease is active in the herd.

The amount of disinfectant to be used in each operation with the bull should be two quarts, not less.

In introducing the disinfectant the operator should hold the tube and the end of the sheath with one hand, closing the sheath until it becomes filled, and releasing the opening at intervals to let the liquid run out. The other hand may rest upon the back or hip of the bull for support of the body while bending over. Fully one minute should be consumed in the operation; with the Garland continuous flow pump, by counting to one