affairs of men," and how solemn should be the thought that to us is delivered this ark of the people's covenant, and to us is given the duty to shield it from impious hands. It comes to us sealed with the test of a century. It has been found sufficient in the past, and it will be found sufficient in all the years to come, if the American people are true to their sacred trust.-GROVER CLEVELAND, 1887.

ranks

The Constitution of 1789 * * * after all deductions * * * above every other written constitution for the intrinsic excellence of its scheme, its adaptation to the circumstances of the people, the simplicity, brevity, and precision of its language.-BRYCE, 1888.

The virtue, moderation, and patriotism which marked the steps of the American people in framing, adopting, and thus far carrying into effect our present system of government has excited the admiration of nations.-GEORGE WASHINGTON, 1789.

The example of changing a constitution, by assembling the wise men of the state, instead of assembling armies, will be worth as much to the world as the former examples we had given them. The Constitution, too, which was the result of our deliberations, is unquestionably the wisest ever presented to men.THOMAS JEFFERSON.

This paper (Constitution) has been the subject of infinite investigation, disputation, and declamation. While some have boasted it as a work from Heaven, others have given it a less righteous origin. I have many reasons to believe that it is the work of plain, honest men, and such, I think, it will appear.-ROBERT MORRIS.

Of the 40,000,000,000 people who have lived on this planet since the birth of Christ, probably not more than 3 percent have lived under a government where they might call their souls their own; where they were something more than herded cattle to be ordered about by someone in power. And by far the great majority of that tiny 3 percent who have had any liberty are those who have lived in this country under our Constitution, since its adoption in 1789.-FRANK GANNETT, 1945.

The American system was devised by the ablest group of men who ever appeared at the same time in the same country throughout the history of the world. Just as former times produced masterpieces in literature, philosophy, and art, just as our own period is producing masterpieces in science and commercial organization, so the architects of the American plan of self-disciplined liberty produced a masterpiece of free government.-Senator ALBERT J. BEVERIDGE.

Our Constitution is not alone the working plan of a great federation of states under representative government. There are embedded in it also the vital principles of the American system of liberty. That system is based upon certain inalienable freedoms and protections which not even the Government may infringe, and which we call the Bill of Rights. It does not require a lawyer to interpret these provisions. They are as clear as the Ten Commandments. Among others the freedom of worship, freedom of speech and of the press, the right of peaceable assembly, equality before the law, just trial for crime, freedom from unreasonable search, and security from being deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law are the principles which distinguish our civilization. Herein are the invisible sentinels which guard the door of every home from invasion of coercion, of intimidation, and fear. Herein is the expression of the spirit of men who would be forever free.-President HERBERT HOOVER, 1935.

The article of the Constitution which proclaimed the emancipation of the spirit was not phrased, nor could it be, in terms so definite and certain as to avoid the opportunity for conflicting interpretations when specific measures from time to time were subjected to its test. With all these allowances the underlying principle of our political philosophy-the great American tradition-has been for the life of the mind the principle of liberty. "Ye shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free."-Justice BENJAMIN N. CARDOZo.

The United States Constitution has proved itself the most marvelously elastic compilation of rules of government ever written. Drawn up at a time when the population of this country was practically confined to a fringe along our Atlantic coast, combining into one nation for the first time scattered and feeble States, newly released from the autocratic control of the English Government, its preparation involved innumerable compromises between the different Commonwealths.

1

Fortunately for the stability of our Nation, it was already apparent that the vastness of our territory presented geographical and climatic differences which gave to the States wide differences in the nature of their industry, their agriculture, and their commerce. Already the New England States had turned toward shipping and manufacturing, while the South was devoting itself almost exclusively to the easier agriculture which a milder climate permitted. Thus, it was clear to the framers of our Constitution that the greatest possible liberty of selfgovernment must be given to each State, and that any national administration attempting to make all laws for the whole Nation, such as was wholly practical in Great Britain, would inevitably result at some future time in a dissolution of the Union itself.-President FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT.

Speaking of all the documents on the Freedom Train, President Truman said:

It is a heritage which we Americans must share with the world, for in this nobl heritage of freedom for the individual citizen, without distinction because of race creed or color, lies the world's great hope of lasting peace.-President HARRY S TRUMAN, 1947.

B. REVERENCE AND RESPECT OF THE CONSTITUTION

I believe in the United States of America as a government of the people, by the people, for the people; whose just powers are derived from the consent of the governed; a democracy in a republic; a sovereign nation of many sovereign states; a perfect union, one and inseparable; established upon those principles of freedom, equality, justice, and humanity for which American patriots sacrificed their lives and fortunes. I therefore believe it is my duty to my country to love it, to support its Constitution, to obey its laws, to respect its flag, and to defend it against all enemies.—WILLIAM TYLER PAGE, The American's Creed, 1918.

Let every American, every lover of liberty, every well-wisher to his posterity swear by the blood of the Revolution never to violate in the least particular the laws of the country, and never to tolerate their violation by others. As the patriots of Seventy-six did to the support of the Declaration of Independence, so to the support of the Constitution and laws let every American pledge his life, his property, and his sacred honor. Let every man remember that to violate the law is to trample on the blood of his father, and to tear the charter of his own and his children's liberty *. Let it be taught in schools, in seminaries, and in colleges, let it be written in primers, in spelling books, and in almanacs, let it be preached from the pulpit, proclaimed in legislative halls, and enforced in courts of justice. And, in short, let it become the political religion of the Nation, and, in particular, a reverence for the Constitution.-ABRAHAM LINCOLN.

We may be tossed upon an ocean where we can see no land-nor, perhaps the sun or stars. But there is a chart and a compass for us to study, to consult, and to obey. That chart is the Constitution.-DANIEL WEBSTER, 1847.

The basis of our political systems is the right of the people to make and to alter their constitutions of government. But the constitution which at any time exists, until changed by an explicit and authentic act of the whole people, is sacredly obligatory upon all.-George Washington, 1796.

C. WARNINGS AGAINST VIOLATION OF THE CONSTITUTION

Your Constitution is all sail and no anchor. Either some Caesar or Napoleon will seize the reins of government with a strong hand, or your Republic will be as fearfully plundered and laid waste by barbarians in the twentieth century, as the Roman Empire was in the fifth-with this difference, that the Huns and Vandals who ravaged the Roman Empire came from without, and your Huns and Vandals will have been engendered within your own country by your own institutions. LORD MACAULAY, 1857.

The Constitution of the United States is a law for rulers and people, equally in war and in peace, and covers with the shield of its protection all classes of men, at all times and under all circumstances. No doctrine involving more pernicious consequences was ever invented by the wit of man than that any of its provisions can be suspended during any of the great exigencies of government.JUSTICE DAVID DAVIS, 1866.

The dangers of the concentration of all power in the general government of a confederacy so vast as ours are too obvious to be disregarded. You have a right, therefore, to expect your agents in every department to regard strictly the limits imposed upon them by the Constitution of the United States. The great scheme of our constitutional liberty rests upon a just discrimination between the separate rights and responsibilities of the States and your common rights and obligations under the General Government.-FRANKLIN PIERCE.

"How long will the American Republic endure?" inquired M. Guizot, the French historian, of James Russell Lowell, the poet. Replied Mr. Lowell: "So long as the ideas of the men who founded it continue dominant."

* * *

It is hardly too strong to say that the Constitution was made to guard the people against the dangers of good intentions, real or pretended. There are men in all ages who mean to exercise power usefully-but who mean to exercise it. They mean to govern well-but they mean to govern; they promise to be kind masters, but they mean to be masters. They think they need but little restraint upon themselves. Their notion of the public interest is apt to be quite closely connected with their own exercise of authority. They may not, indeed, always understand their own motives. The love of power may sink too deep in their own hearts even for their own security and may pass with themselves for mere patriotism and benevolence.-DANIEL WEBSTER.

It is important, likewise, that the habits of thinking in a free country should inspire caution in those entrusted with its administration, to confine themselves within their respective constitutional spheres; avoiding in the exercise of the powers of one department to encroach upon another. The spirit of encroachment tends to consolidate the powers of all the departments in one, and thus to create, whatever the form of government, a real despotism. A just estimate of that love of power, and proneness to abuse it, which predominates in the human heart, is sufficient to satisfy us of the truth of this position. The necessity of reciprocal checks in the exercise of political power, by dividing and distributing it into different depositories, and constituting each the Guardian of the Public Weal against invasions by the others, had been evinced by experiments ancient and modern; some of them in our country and under our own eyes. To preserve them must be as necessary as to institute them. If in the opinion of the People, the distribution or modification of the Constitutional powers be in any particular wrong, let it be corrected by an amendment in the way which the Constitution designates. But let there be no change by usurpation; for though this, in one instance may be the instrument of good, it is the customary weapon by which free governments are destroyed. The precedent must always greatly overbalance in permanent evil any partial or transient benefit which the use can at any time yield.-GEORGE WASHINGTON, 1789.

In bestowing the eulogies due to the particular and internal checks of power, it ought not the less to be remembered that they are neither the sole nor the chief palladium of constitutional liberty. The people who are authors of this blessing must also be its guardians. Their eyes must be ever ready to mark, their voice to pronounce, and their arms to repel or repair, aggressions on the authority of their constitutions.-President JAMES MADISON, 1792.

I shall resist all encroachments on the Constitution, whether it be the encroachment of this Government on the States, or the opposite-the Executive on Congress, or Congress on the Executive. My creed is to hold both governments, and all the departments of each, to their proper sphere, and to maintain the authority of the laws and the Constitution against all revolutionary movements. I believe the means which our system furnishes to preserve itself are ample, if fairly understood and applied; and I shall resort to them, however corrupt and disordered the times, so long as there is hope of reforming the Government.-JOHN C. CALHOUN. Popular government is a most difficult thing to establish. We have had to hammer it out in a thousand years of Anglo-Saxon suffering and controversy and contest. And now it rests where? It rests in the common sense and self-restraint of the American people. It rests in the knowledge of the majority that it must keep within the checks of the law and the Constitution if the Government is to be preserved.-President WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT.

As President, I have no eyes but constitutional eyes ABRAHAM LINCOLN.

*.-President

We are in danger of forgetting that a strong public desire to improve the public condition is not enough to warrant achieving the desire by a shorter cut than the constitutional way of paying for the change.

But when men have realized that time has upset many fighting faiths, they may come to believe even more than they believe the very foundations of their own conduct that the ultimate good desired is better reached by free trade in ideasthat the best test of truth is the power of the thought to get itself accepted in the competition of the market, and that truth is the only ground upon which their wishes safely can be carried out. That, at any rate, is the theory of our Constitution. It is an experiment, as all life is an experiment. Every year if not every day we have to wager our salvation upon some prophecy based upon imperfect knowledge. While that experiment is part of our system I think that we should be eternally vigilant against attempts to check the expression of opinions that we loathe and believe to be fraught with death, unless they so imminently threaten immediate interference with the lawful and pressing purposes of the law that an immediate check is required to save the country.-Justice OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES.

Cheels and balances were established in order that this should be “a government of laws and not of men." * * * The doctrine of the separation of powers was adopted by the Convention of 1787, not to promote efficiency but to preclude the exercise of arbitrary power. The purpose was, not to avoid friction, but, by means of the inevitable friction incident to the distribution of the governmental powers among three departments, to save the people from autocracy.-Justice LOUIS D. BRANDEIS.

I am not unconscious of the seriousness of this present moment. much at stake; such an inheritance to pass on to our children.

There is so

It goes back 2,000 years at least. It goes back to a time when a group of men were talking with one another on the shore of Galilee, and one of them was a young man 33 years of age. A coin was produced, with the image and superscription of Caesar upon it, and a question was asked and an answer was given: "Render unto Caesar (the state) the things that are Caesar's, but unto God the the things that are God's."

Those who heard these words must have sensed in the deeper implication of them the greatest challenge to the totalitarian philosophy that was ever let loose upon this planet: that you don't need to render everything unto Caesar; that there is a line of jurisdiction between Caesar, the state, and God and God's creature, man.

* * * In that Constitution, which places limits upon Caesar, which says, "Thus far thou shalt go, and no farther"-a government of limited power and the great rights of man safeguarded by the Bill of Rights of the American Constitution-they again said the same thing that Jefferson had said in the Declaration of Independence and Christ had said at Galilee, because the Supreme Court of the United States on at least two occasions has stated that the Constitution of the United States is but the letter and the page of which the Declaration of Independence is the spirit and the soul.-Congressman SAMUEL B. PETTENGILL

2d Session

No. 211

CONTROL OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE

REPORT

OF

SPECIAL SUBCOMMITTEE

TO THE

COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS
UNITED STATES SENATE

ON

STUDY OF PERNICIOUS EFFECT OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE AS IT EXISTS IN MEXICO AND ELSEWHERE, PROGRESS OF PROGRAM TO PREVENT ENTRY OF THE DISEASE INTO THE UNITED STATES, THE MOST EFFECTIVE METHODS OF COMBATING AND CONTROLLING THE DISEASE, AND THE PROPER LOCATION FOR THE AUTHORIZED RESEARCH FACILITIES

PRESENTED BY MR. WHERRY

DECEMBER 31. 1948.-Ordered to be printed

UNITED STATES

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON: 1948

S. Docs., 80–2, vol. 7- -116