A.D. 448.] SUCCEEDED BY MARCIAN. 581 by the pernicious influence of the eunuchs, was unanimously proclaimed empress of the east; and the Romans, for the first time, submitted to a female reign. No sooner had Pulcheria ascended the throne, than she indulged her own and the public resentment, by an act of popular justice. Without any legal trial, the eunuch Chrysaphius was executed before the gates of the city; and the immense riches which had been accumulated by the rapacious favourite, served only to hasten and to justify his punishment.* Amidst the general acclamation of the clergy and people, the empress did not forget the prejudice and disadvantage to which her sex was exposed; and she wisely resolved to prevent their murmurs by the choice of a colleague, who would always respect the superior rank and virgin chastity of his wife. She gave her hand to Marcian, a senator, about sixty years of age; and the nominal husband of Pulcheria was solemnly invested with the imperial purple.† The zeal which he displayed for the orthodox creed, as it was established by the council of Chalcedon, would alone have inspired the grateful eloquence of the Catholics. But the behabiour of Marcian in a private life, and afterwards on the throne, may support a more rational belief, that he was qualified to restore and invigorate an empire, which had been almost dissolved by the successive weakness of two hereditary monarchs. He was born in Thrace, and educated to the profession of arms; but Marcian's youth had been severely exercised by poverty and misfortune, since his only resource, when he first arrived at Constantinople, consisted in two hundred pieces of gold, which he had borrowed of a friend. He passed nineteen years in the domestic and military service of Aspar, and his son Ardaburius; followed those powerful generals to the Persian and African wars; and obtained, by their influence, the honourable rank of tribune and senator. His mild disposition and useful talents, without alarming the jealousy, recommended Marcian to the esteem and favour of his * Pulcheriæ nutû (says count Marcellinus) suâ cum avaritiâ interemptus est. She abandoned the eunuch to the pious revenge of a son, whose father had suffered at his instigation. + One of Marcian's coins, in the Hunterian Collection, supposed to be unique, is a curious memorial of this marriage. Eckhel, 8. 191.-ED. patrons: he had seen, perhaps he had felt, the abuses of a venal and oppressive administration; and his own example gave weight and energy to the laws which he promulgated for the reformation of manners.* * Procopius, de Bell. Vandal. 1. 1, c. 4. Evagrius, 1. 2, c. 1. Theophanes, p. 90, 91. Novel. ad calcem. Cod. Theod. tom, vi, p. 30. The praises which St. Leo and the Catholics have bestowed on Marcian, are diligently transcribed by Baronius, as an encouragement for future princes. [Zonaras, for whose authorities see Niebuhr (Lect. 1. 65) states very circumstantially (xiii. p. 45. c.) the conditions on which Pulcheria offered, and Marcian accepted, the imperial dignity. He reigned three years as her husband, and after her death remained, to the close of his life, the undisputed sovereign of the East. His severe edicts against heretics may be ascribed to her influence and the disturbed state of the church. Yet he endeavoured quietly to repress the ambition of the priesthood. Under his auspices the council of Chalcedon reversed the acts of the "Robber Synod" of Ephesus; deposed Dioscuros, the violent primate of Egypt; and restored Theodoret and the other bishops who had been expelled.-ED.] END OF VOL. III. BRECHO BOHN'S ILLUSTRATED LIBRARY-continued. 65. 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