The second of these monographs, by Thomas Maitland Marshall, presents A History of the Western Boundary of the Louisiana Purchase, 1819-1841 (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1914; xiii, 266 pp.). Handling a larger and more important theme than does its immediate predecessor, it discusses the intricate negotiations in which Spain, Mexico, Texas and the United States were engaged up to the final survey of the Sabine line. Following in some measure the investigations of many others in similar fields of inquiry, but depending more on primary material, the author has produced a work that may well be regarded as the standard treatise on the subject. In it the special student will find of interest the thirty maps, the unusually precise bibliography and certain novel interpretations of disputed facts which are defended with much skill. The assertion, however, that " Wilkinson sold his services to the Spanish government while he was stationed on the western frontier" (page x), might seem to imply no earlier origin of that officer's venality.

The lack of a good history of the career of the French in the Mississippi Valley, with particular reference to the institutions set up and the precise nature of French expansion in that part of the New World, has long been evident. It will not be supplied by the work of John Finley on The French in the Heart of America (New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1915; x, 431 pp.), despite the promising title. The book is mainly a reproduction of lectures delivered at the Sorbonne and elsewhere in France. Its publication at this time is intended, seemingly, to suggest a state of present sentiment, as well as to offer an estimate of bygone achievement, in this country. Embellished with the language of eloquence and poetic imagery, it conveys to the American public the message of affectionate admiration which the author gave to audiences in France, both as a reminder of the deeds of her sons across the seas and as an evaluation of what was accomplished by the men of another stock who followed in the wake of the Gallic pioneers. Though not a history, Dr. Finley's work is a charming bit of historical impressionism that deserves a companion-piece depicting the Spaniards, not in the heart alone, but throughout the body, of America.

The Evolution of Brazil compared with that of Spanish and AngloSaxon America (Stanford University, published by the University, 1914; 159 pp.), is the title of the book form of six lectures by Manoel de Oliveira Lima, the Brazilian historian. For the information of readers unfamiliar with the work of the author and unacquainted with numerous allusions in the text, Professor Percy Alvin Martin has contributed an introduction and also an addendum of thirty pages of notes.

Both of the contributions are decidedly useful in attaining the objects sought, even if typographical and other slips are a bit frequent (e. g., pages 21, 130, 132–34, 137-41, 143-154, 156–57). As a rule, Dr. Lima has chosen a few large topics for the purpose of especial comparison. What he has to say about them is illuminating and scholarly. Yet the reader is disposed to wonder how desirable it may be to publish a few lectures on a theme so huge and so controversial, when knowledge of the Hispanic side of the comparison is still far from being either common or correct in "Anglo-Saxon" America.

India, like Spain, is one of the strange lands of earth about which travelers are wont to write books after a sojourn there of a few months. India, its Life and Thought (New York, The Macmillan Company, 1915; xvii, 448 pp.), by John P. Jones, is not a book of that kind. Based, instead, on an actual residence of thirty years given over to missionary endeavor it presents, in popular form and large type, a summary of the most important social and religious characteristics of that country of three hundred million inhabitants. The material is drawn mainly, it would seem, from the knowledge gained by personal contact with men and affairs, rather than that furnished by scientific investigation. Its strongest appeal, of course, is to those concerned with missions, but it can be read to great advantage by all who wish to obtain a good general idea of Indian custom and character. The work throws no light on the intellectuality of the modern Indian or on his reaction to Western influences other than Christian in the purely religious sense; it passes over the question of unrest in a manner involving a number of curious contradictions in statement, and is silent, also, about a variety of matters profoundly interesting, and perhaps equally illustrative of Indian life and thought.

In order to apprehend the essentials of the nationalistic agitation in India, one must study at length the curious union of religiousness and religiosity which pervades it. To approach the subject from the standpoint of the merely probable operation of European influences, given an appropriate milieu of circumstance, is not sufficient. The book by J. N. Farquhar on Modern Religious Movements in India (New York, The Macmillan Company, 1915; xv, 471 pp.), expanding a course of eight lectures delivered on the Lamson Foundation at Hartford Theological Seminary, goes far toward supplying the needed angle of vision. More scientific in every respect than the work above described, it is considerably broader also in actual scope. Beginning with an allusion to the effective interpenetration of India by the West about 1800, Mr. Farquhar traces historically the origin and development of the several

reforming faiths from 1828 to 1913. The processes of action and reaction, culminating in the nationalistic propaganda of recent years, and the organic results in general for the socio-religious complex, are worked out with great care. Particularly helpful are the initial chapter, which provides an illuminating outline of the entire period under review, and the closing one, which sums up the significance of the movements. An appendix emphasizes the utter unreliability of the historical literature of theosophy. The book, furthermore, is aptly illustrated, and its references are such as to inspire confidence in the text.

History of the Reconstruction Period (New York, Dodd, Mead and Company, 1913; xvi, 398 pp.) forms the seventh and concluding volume of James Schouler's History of United States of America under the Constitution. Volume vii begins with the administration of Andrew Johnson and concludes with the second administration of Grant. The author's reason for publishing another book on this much worked over period of United States history is to be found in the following paragraph: When President Johnson's posthumous manuscripts were placed in the Library of Congress, about eight years ago, I made a careful study of them, stating the general results in published articles. The conviction I then gained that injustice had been done to Johnson in the popular estimate of his official career was strongly confirmed when, in 1910-11, the Diary of Secretary Welles relating to that executive term appeared in print in the Atlantic Monthly. I now carefully studied the whole record of that term for myself, and as a result felt deeply that this much maligned President needed a vindication, as against other historical writers; and furthermore, that the vindicator ought to be myself [page iii].

In spite of this worthy object of vindicating a "much maligned President," Mr. Schouler has not contributed anything of importance to the history of the twelve years embraced in the administrations of Johnson and Grant, and this new volume certainly will not increase his fame as an historian. Except for his friendly attitude toward President Johnson, Mr. Schouler's general views are in entire accord with those of Mr. Rhodes. If we leave out of account a few inconsequential personal recollections and a short discussion of the District of Columbia and the centennial celebration, we find no facts in this book but what have been brought out previously by other historians of the epoch. Mr. Schouler's style approaches too nearly the mock-heroic to be impressive, while his method of treatment is so slavishly chronological that no one subject is thoroughly clarified. A general index to the whole work of seven volumes will doubtless be of assistance to students desiring to use the author's History for general reference.

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Mr. Brand Whitlock's autobiography, Forty Years of It (New York, D. Appleton and Company, 1914; xii, 374 pp.), is an interesting and valuable commentary on the politics of the Middle West from about 1880 to the present time. It gives an intimate view of a number of actors on that stage, such as John P. Altgeld, Samuel M. Jones and Tom L. Johnson, and describes many exciting campaigns in that long war on the bosses" which has been the chief concern of a large section of American reformers. It also affords brief glimpses into some of the events which were great in their time-great in the sense that they filled the headlines of the newspapers for the traditional "four days." Of Mr. Whitlock's experiences as mayor of Toledo there is surprisingly little in the volume, and what there is relates principally to police administration and free speech in street meetings. The chief interest of the book is the insight that it offers into the mental operations of the leaders in "militant democracy”—a combination of Walt Whitman's anarchy with municipal home rule and better park facilities. However, one does not have to be thrilled by the "freedom" of a middle-western town, that can draft its own charter and own its water works, in order to appreciate Mr. Whitlock's entertaining essays.

James M. Beck, formerly assistant attorney-general of the United States, in The Evidence in the Case (New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1914; xxiv, 200 pp.), has made an analysis of the diplomatic correspondence published by the various nations engaged in the European war, for submission to the supreme court of civilization-the conscience of mankind. This study attempts to fix the moral responsibility for the war, and results in an arraignment of the Teutonic nations for a crime against civilization. The author points out the noticeable suppression of evidence in the presentation of Germany's case and discusses the responsibility of Germany for the Austrian ultimatum. The efforts of England, Russia and France to preserve peace and Servia's pacific reply to the ultimatum are shown to have been ineffective because of the refusal of Germany and Austria to give an extension of time for the diplomatic consideration of the issues involved. The author makes a survey of the intervention of the Kaiser, his insistence upon impossible unilateral conditions and his final declaration of war. The case of Belgium is considered, and the weakness of Germany's argument in defence of her action in violating Belgian neutrality is pointed out. The final chapter presents the author's ideas as to the judgment of the world upon the question of where to place the responsibility for the war.

The War in Europe (New York, D. Appleton and Company, 1914; ix, 254 pp.), by Professor Albert Bushnell Hart, is a small volume written

during the early days of the war and designed to serve as a manual of the war and the countries involved. The first part of the book gives a summary of the resources of the various powers, an account of the industrial, religious and race divisions of Europe and a sketch of the international relationships of the warring nations. In the second part, the causes of the war and its beginnings are briefly discussed. Chapters are devoted to questions of neutrality, methods of warfare and the effect of the war on the United States. In conclusion the author indulges in some speculations as to the outcome of the struggle.

The ninth volume of the Continental Legal History series, published under the auspices of the Association of American Law Schools, makes readily accessible for English and American students of legal history Jean Brissaud's History of French Public Law (Boston, Little, Brown, and Company, 1915; lviii, 581 pp.), translated from the French by James W. Garner. Without sacrificing that clearness for which French scholars are famous, Brissaud shows evidences of German influence in the extensive subdivisions of his subject-matter and the wealth of incidental definition, due in part to his sectional treatment. The book will interest and aid but will not inspire. After all acknowledgment due in recognition of its value as a work of erudition and a much-needed help to a fuller study of the development of French public law, we must regret that it fails to present a picture of the French system as a whole. The author has taken advantage of the researches of Esmein, Viollet and Fustel de Coulanges, but we miss the touch of those masters who made to live the obscure and long-forgotten past.

Five volumes lately issued in the Collection de Documents inédits sur l'histoire économique de la Révolution Française, testify again to the great care taken in the preparation of this series. An article by E. M. Sait in the POLITICAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY for June, 1910, gave a review of the scope and purpose of this collection, with an appreciation of its importance. Charles Porée in a second volume entitled Documents relatifs à la vente des biens nationaux dans le district de Sens (Auxerre, Imprimerie Coopérative Ouvrière "l'Universelle," 1913; 735 PP.), gives other documents relating to the sale of the Biens Nationaux around Sens. The especial importance of this district, with its rich archbishopric, for such an investigation has justified the many pages of detail.

Documents on the sale of the Biens Nationaux in the district around Remiremont are published by Leon Schwab in Documents relatifs à la vente des biens nationaux dans le departement des Vosges (Epinal, Imprimerie Vosgienne, 1913; lxxxi, 394 pp.). The introduction and the