the middle years of George III to the beginning of the reign of Queen Victoria, and in English nonconformity and English Liberalism from the American Revolution to the division in the Liberal party over Gladstone's home-rule bill of 1886. In fact, a new history of England from the American Revolution to the last extension of the parliamentary franchise in 1884-1885 could be written with the dissenting academies of 1750-1800, and the Warrington Academy in particular, as the starting point. Miss Parker apparently realizes this; and there can be no reason why her success with the history of the academies should not be followed by the larger and more important work that her book so unmistakably suggests. It is suggestive of the change that was coming over English religious and social life in the past thirty years-of the dying-down of the old feuds between the church and nonconformity-that Miss Parker's history of the dissenting academies bears the imprint of the University Press of Cambridge.

HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT.

EDWARD PORRITT.

Les Origines de l'Influence Française en Allemagne. Tome I, L'offensive politique et sociale de la France. By LOUIS REYNAUD. Paris, Honoré Champion, 1913.-xxxix, 547 pp.

Is German Kultur after all a gift of the Celt? This is the implication of this learned and exhaustive survey of the origins of Germanic civilization as seen from the angle of a Celtic scholar. From the dawn of pre-history down to the heart of the Middle Ages, everything worth mentioning in the society, religion, literature or customs of the Germans was borrowed, stolen or otherwise appropriated from their predecessors and superiors in culture.

At first sight the book is absurd. Upon examination, however, and making all allowances for special pleading, it stands out as one likely to cause a real reconstruction in the common perspectives of European history. That perspective, when one comes to think about it, has been fastened upon us largely by German scholars, and the "scientific work of those masters of historical technique has often been highly subjective and impressionistic in spite of the elaborate research upon which it is built. Through it all the trend has been to make the history of Europe concentrate upon the Germanic elements in the story. As a result of their work, even school text-books used in America rather generally give the impression that the main line of European history in the Middle Ages is that which deals with the Empire, especially when the emperors have disputes with popes. The story of France or England

or the development of city life has a tinge of the extraneous. Such a perspective is, of course, not shared in France or in England, but the weight of efficient German scholarship has done much to impress it upon us. But now, just as Fustel de Coulanges scored such a revanche on the German historians of Bismarck's day by denying the sacred ideals of their ancestors in the days of Tacitus and the invasions, Dr. Reynaud has offered a retrospective satisfaction for the present triumph of the enemy, in this first volume on the origin of the influence of France and the French upon Germany.

It is a massive work of genuine erudition, devoted mainly to the period from 950 to 1150, in which feudalism passed from the anarchy of barbarism to a social system capable of progress. This transformation of the feudal world forms the main subject of the book; but penetrating this theme is the story of the great Cluniac reform in the church in the tenth and eleventh centuries-a distinctively Gallic movement, according to the author-which receives large emphasis as the most significant event in the spiritual world in that dark age. The interworking of these forces from the clerical and secular world, their bearing upon the transformation of society in France and their subsequent influence upon Germany, forms the subject of an intricate and detailed narrative which only Gallic lucidity and direct thinking saves from being merely erudite. It is a narrative supported, as well, by copious footnotes showing control of every phase of the literature of the subject, both sources and secondary. The result is, apart from the obvious tendency of the book, an illuminating statement of the vital forces at work when the foundations of modern Europe were being laid. It is doubtful if the Dark Age has ever been more skilfully illuminated or vitalized. One only wishes that the story were told for its own sake rather than as a part of another narrative, however justifiable the theme ; for in its intimate details-of which there is such a wealth-it is informing and valuable.

Perhaps the most suggestive section of the book, however, is the introductory sketch of the prehistoric and historic antecedents of the period studied. For here are massed the data of Celtic archaeology and philology which deal with the great age of Celtic expansion before Romans on the south and Germans on the north came in upon the brilliant civilization of La Tène. La Tène. The account of that prehistoric culture is hurriedly sketched, but it is sufficient to disturb seriously the reader of the older narratives. It is a pity, however, that such a survey should be marred by a tendency to overwork the data-as for instance when the wonderful bronze cultures of Scandinavia are ignored when

they contradict passages of Caesar or Tacitus which are to the author's purpose when describing the primitive character of German society and attributing all advance to Gallic models. It was only natural that the early Germans should receive most of their culture through the Celts, since the latter occupied the territory between them and the Mediterranean, not merely Gaul and North Italy, but Switzerland and South Germany, Bohemia and the central Danube valley as well. Whether the Germans took even their worship of Wodin and most of the rest of their mythology from the Gauls or not-receiving the suggestions for Nordic saga and early Germanic verse from Ireland-the presupposition that only Celts invent while Germans are capable of nothing but imitation is based on that old fallacy concerning the hereditary endowments of races in history which goes back to the day before anthropology was in existence, when race was a term in comparative philology. In this one detects the influence of that venerable master of Celtic philology, M. d'Arbois de Jubainville. The work of Camille Jullian and recent archaeologists, such as one finds a partial guide to in the last volume of Déchelette's manual, would have given sounder basis of judgment. J. T. SHOTWELL.

Manuel d'Archéologie, Préhistorique, Celtique et Gallo-Romaine. II, Archéologie celtique ou Protohistorique, Troisième Partie, Second Age du Fer ou Époque de la Tène. Par JOSEPH Déchelette. Paris, Auguste Picard, 1914.-viii, pp. 911-1669.

This book has now a tragic and personal interest. Just as it appeared from the press, word was received of the heroic death of its distinguished author in the trenches by the Marne. His work had just been completed, in so far as this section of his manual is concerned, and he leaves a monument not only to his memory but to the achievement of French scholarship. Yet it was not completed in another sense. For apart from the fact that the Gallo-Roman portion remains unpublished, the mass of evidence which has been accumulating in the prehistoric field renders any survey antiquated in a short time, and the author was already expanding and filling up his earlier volumes with additional appendices while the volumes themselves have grown almost beyond manageable size. All that one can say is that this manual covers with remarkable care and with masterly treatment the materials known to archaeologists, in the broad field with which it deals, down to the outbreak of the present war. However, as it is doubtful whether any excavation is now under way in France for the recovery of pre

historic remains, Déchelette's work will probably assume a more permanent character than otherwise.

It should be said, for those who have not been following the discoveries in the prehistoric field, that Déchelette's manual, begun in 1908, of which this is the third part of the second volume, is the best single work of reference to both materials and literature in any language. The earliest sections, dealing with the early stone age, need to be rewritten now; but the survey of material up to seven years ago is given in clear form and with sober comment. Déchelette was not writing literature; but he was supplying the suggestion for more imaginative reconstruction than has taken place in our day in any other field of history. His volumes were a sort of museum display of the fragmentary evidence of the unrecorded ages of western Europe; and through such patient labor as his the record may sooner or later be partly written.

era.

The present volume covers the period known as "La Tène" iron age, or, loosely, that stretching from about 500 B. C. to the Christian The technical term La Tène is derived from the locality, along Lake Neuchatel in Switzerland, where the most typical remains of the period were first discovered. As the excavations proceed, however, and the remarkable uniformity of this stage of Celtic culture is established, with companion pieces from Silesia and Hungary to match those from the Ile de France, the name first given to the age seems inappropriate and will, let us hope, be ultimately replaced by one more suggestive to the historian than this, which is so narrowly archæological— somewhat the same way as the term Mycenæan has given way in early Greek history. What we are really dealing with is the Celtic art and society at its height-in the days, that is, before Roman engineers made over the old Gallic roadways (for they often used the same routes) for the definite Romanization of Gaul. Those who imagine Caesar as the first white man who entered the fastnesses of Gallic savages will find here ample evidence-in the rich gold and silver ornaments, the mirror, andirons, mills, household effects, agricultural implements etc. -to reconstruct their historical imaginations. Some day this material will be worked over into histories in such a way that text-books can handle it; but we must first recognize the legitimacy of social history. It is not possible to go into a detailed examination of this work. Enough has been said to indicate that it is indispensable in every reference library and should be consulted by all students of European history.

J. T. SHOTWEll.

Out of Work: A Study of Unemployment. By FRANCES A. KELLOR. New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1915.—xiii, 569 pp.

The initiation both of immediate and long-time programs of constructive action is the primary purpose of this book. Some limitation, therefore, must be set upon so unwieldly a subject as unemployment. So far as practicable, it is treated as a problem of industry, and limited to those who are able and willing to work [page 28].

Setting out with this purpose, the author scans unemployment in America and concludes:

There is still to be set forth for this country an analysis of conditions which will establish indisputably the causes of unemployment [page 30] ... America has an unemployment problem industrial in its nature. The problem is without definition. . . . There is but little data by which to gauge its character or extent. Its causes are obscure, its remedies inadequate [page 32].

The book then proceeds to a discussion of "Unemployment among Women," "Children and the Labor Market," and "Immigration and Unemployment." This is followed by an excellent little chapter on "How America Markets its Labor," which is introductory to long and detailed descriptions of general labor agencies, intelligence offices, employers' and unions' labor bureaus, philanthropic and public employment offices, and the regulation of private employment agencies. A statement of the experience with emergency measures under the title "What America does for it," and a description of foreign systems of unemployment insurance complete the general discussion of the problem. The concluding chapter presents "A Program for America."

In these chapters there is a mass of material on all manner of subjects. There is no connecting thread of analysis or argument, and it is safe to say that as much space is given to descriptions of labor in employment as out of it. Just why the book was named "Out of Work" is hard to understand. It might with equal fitness have been

named "In Work."

The author's purpose as expressed in the first paragraph of this review is nowhere carried out in the book. Instead of a carefully devised program with its various parts knit together into a consistent scheme, a list of more or less related recommendations is presented for adoption by churches, civic bodies, employers, trade unions, municipal governments and state and federal authorities. The program amounts to an enumeration of all the schemes that have been attempted at