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Braga was elected president for the unexpired term of Manuel de Arriaga, who had resigned because of his failure to reconcile the contending political factions. On August 6 the national assembly elected as the new president Bernardino Machado who, like the prime minister, entertained strong proBritish sentiments. Monarchical risings occurred in northern Portugal and necessitated the proclamation of martial law on August 29.-In Spain the government attempted to float a loan of $150,000,000 issued at par and bearing four and a half per cent interest; but only a small fraction of the amount was subscribed. When, on June 22, Dato, the prime minister, offered his resignation, the king persuaded him to remain in office.--In September Sweden enforced her protests against the British orders in council by suspending trade relations with Russia until concessions should be made. A Swedish submarine was attacked on October 21 by a German vessel which had mistaken its nationality, but prompt regrets were offered by the German government.-On June 7 a referendum vote in Switzerland authorized special war taxation which was intended to yield 60,000,000 francs. Up to the end of August mobilization had cost 140,000,000 francs.

VII. ASIA.

CHINA. It was reported in August that Yuan Shih-kai contemplated a restoration of the monarchy since republican institutions were unsuited to the existing circumstances of China. In a message to the council of state, on September 6, he declared that it was his special duty to protect the republic, yet many citizens from the provinces have petitioned the acting parliament to change the form of government. As the presidency is conferred by the will of the people, its existence also should depend on their will." A month later the council of state formulated a constitutional amendment for submission to a national convention whose members should be chosen by provincial conventions. In spite of the advice offered by Great Britain, Russia and Japan, on October 29 the local elections were held in due course. According to an official statement the delegates from 11 of the 18 provinces would be unanimously for monarchy. The resignation of the prime minister, Hsu Shih-Chang, who was known to oppose the change, indicated that the fate of the republic was practically settled.

JAPAN.-The Diet's failure, because of dissolution, to make appropriations for the year 1916 compelled the government to follow the budget arrangements for the previous year and to apply in May for supplementary credits. On June 1 the lower house sanctioned, by a vote of 232 to 131, an increase of 24,000 men in the military establishment. The course of negotiations with China (see supra, p. 712), however, subjected the cabinet to continual attack; and a fresh embarrassment arose on June 5 when the minister of the interior was accused of election bribery. His resignation on July 29 was followed next day by that of the cabinet, but, at the request of the emperor, Okuma remained in office with a reconstructed cabinet, Baron Kikujiro becoming foreign minister and Ichiki minister of the in

terior.

While deciding that the despatch of Japanese troops to Europe would be impracticable, Okuma made every effort to increase the manufacture of munitions so as to meet the deficiency which existed in Great Britain and Russia.

[For colonies and dependencies in Africa and Asia, see the United States, the British Empire and Continental European states, supra.]

E. M. SAIT.

[graphic]

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