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the same side, GHD; and the two interior angles BGH, GHD upon the same side are together equal to two right angles.

E

B

G

D

H

F

For, if AGH be not equal to c GHD, one of them must be greater than the other; let AGH be the greater; and because the angle AGH is greater than the angle GHD, add to each of them the angle BGH; therefore the angles AGH, BGH are greater than the angles BGH, GHD; but the angles AGH, BGH are equal (1. 13.) to two right angles; therefore the angles BGH, GHD are less than two right angles; but those straight lines which, with another straight line falling upon them, make the interior angles on the same side less than two right angles, do meet (Ax. 12.) together if continually produced; therefore the straight lines AB, CD, if produced far enough, shall meet; but they never meet, since they are parallel by the hypothesis; therefore the angle AGH is not unequal to the angle GHD, that is, it is equal to it; but the angle AGH is equal (1. 15.) to the angle EGB; therefore likewise EGB is equal to GHD; add to each of these the angle BGH; therefore the angles EGB, BGH are equal to the angles BGH, GHD; but EGB, BGH are equal (1. 13.) to two right angles; therefore also BGH, GHD are equal to two right angles. Wherefore, if a straight line, &c. Q. E. D.

PROP. XXX. THEOR.

Straight lines which are parallel to the same straight line are parallel to one another.

Let AB, CD be each of them parallel to EF; A B is also parallel to CD.

Let the straight line GHK cut AB, EF,

CD; and

E

because GHK cuts the parallel straight lines AB, EF, the angle AAGH is equal (1. 29.) to the angle GHF. Again, because the straight line GHK cuts the C parallel straight lines EF, CD, the angle GHF is equal (1. 29.)

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to the angle GKD; and it was shown that the angle AGK is equal to the angle GHF; therefore also AGK is equal to GKD; and they are alternate angles; therefore AB is parallel (1. 27.) to CD. Wherefore straight lines, &c. Q. E. D.

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To draw a straight line through a given point parallel to a given straight line.

А

Let A be the given point, and BC the given straight line; it is required to draw a straight line through the point A, parallel to the E.

straight line BC.

and B

D

In BC take any point D, join AD; and at the point a, in

.

A

F

the straight line AD, make (1. 23.) the angle DAE equal to the angle ADC; and produce the straight line EA to F.

Because the straight line AD, which meets the two straight lines BC, EF, makes the alternate angles EAD, ADC equal to one another, EF is parallel (1. 27.) to B C. Therefore the straight line EAF is drawn through the given point a parallel to the given straight line BC. Which was to be done.

PROP. XXXII. THEOR.

If a side of any triangle be produced, the exterior angle is equal to the two interior and opposite

angles; and the three interior angles of every triangle are equal to two right angles.

Let ABC be a triangle, and let one of its sides BC be produced to D; the exterior angle ACD is equal to the two interior and opposite angles CAB, ABC, and the three interior angles of the triangles, viz. ABC, BCA, CAB, are together equal to two right angles.

A

C

E

D

Again, because upon them, the

Through the point c draw CE parallel (1. 31.) to the straight line AB; and because AB is parallel to CE, and AC meets them, the alternate B angles BAC, ACE are equal (1. 29.). AB is parallel to CE, and BD falls exterior angle ECD is equal to the interior and opposite angle ABC; but the angle ACE was shown to be equal to the angle BAC; therefore the whole exterior angle ACD is equal to the two interior and opposite angles CAB, ABC; to these equals add the angle ACB, and the angles ACD, ACB are equal to the three angles CBA, BAC, ACB; but the angles ACD, ACB are equal (1. 13.) to two right angles; therefore also the angles CBA, BAC, ACB are equal to two right angles. Wherefore if a side of a triangle, &c. Q. E. D.

COR. 1. All the interior angles of any rectilineal figure, together with four right angles, are equal to twice as many right angles as the figure has sides.

E

A

D

B

C

For any rectilineal figure ABCDE can be divided into as many triangles as the figure has sides, by drawing straight lines from a point F within the figure to each of its angles. And by the preceding proposition, all the angles of these triangles are

equal to twice as many right angles as there are triangles, that is, as there are sides of the figure; and the same angles are equal to the angles of the figure, together with the angles at the point F, which is the common vertex of the triangles; that is (Cor. 2. I. 15.), together with four right angles. Therefore all the angles of the figure, together with four right angles, are equal to twice as many right angles as the figure has sides.

A

COR. 2. All the exterior angles of any rectilineal figure, are together equal to four right angles. Because every interior angle ABC, with its adjacent exterior ABD, is equal (1. 13.) to two right angles; therefore all the interior, together with all the exterior angles of the figure, are equal to twice as many right angles as there are sides of the figure; that is, by the foregoing corollary, they are equal to all the interior angles of the figure, together with four right angles; therefore all the exterior angles are equal to four right angles.

D B

PROP. XXXIII. THEOR.

The straight lines which join the extremities of two equal and parallel straight lines, towards the same parts, are also themselves equal and parallel. Let AB, CD be equal and parallel straight lines, and joined towards the same A parts by the straight lines AC, BD; AC, BD are also equal and parallel.

C

B

D

Join BC; and because AB is parallel to CD, and BC meets them, the alternate angles ABC, BCD are equal (1. 29.); and because AB is equal to CD (Hyp.),

and BC common to the two triangles ABC, DCB, the two sides AB, BC are equal to the two DC, CB; and the angle ABC is equal to the angle BCD; therefore the base AC is equal (1. 4.) to the base BD, and the triangle ABC to the triangle BCD, and the other angles to the other angles (1. 4.), each to each, to which the equal sides are opposite; therefore the angle A CB is equal to the angle CBD; and because the straight line BC meets the two straight lines AC, BD, and makes the alternate angles ACB, CBD equal to one another, ac is parallel (I. 27.) to BD; and it was shown to be equal to it. Therefore, straight lines, &c. Q. E. D.

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The opposite sides and angles of parallelograms are equal to one another, and the diameter bisects them, that is, divides them in two equal parts.

N.B.-A parallelogram is a four-sided figure, of which the opposite sides are parallel; and the diameter is the straight line joining two of its opposite angles.

Let ACDB be a parallelogram, of which BC is a diameter; the opposite sides and angles of the figure are equal to one another; and the diameter BC bisects it.

C

B

D

Because AB is parallel to CD, and BC meets them, the alternate angles ABC, BCD A are equal (1.29.) to one another; and because AC is parallel to BD, and BC meets them, the alternate angles ACB, CBD are equal (1. 29.) to one another; wherefore the two triangles ABC, CBD have two angles ABC, BAC in one, equal to two angles BCD, CBD in the other, each to each, and one side BC common to the two triangles, which is adjacent to their equal angles; therefore their other sides shall be equal, each to each, and the

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