decade from 1790 to 1860, together with the increase of the number of States and Territories. Missouri 20,845 66,577 140,455 383,702 682,044 1,182,012 N. H 269,328 284,574 317,976 $26,073 N. J... N.Y.... 141,899 183,762 214,300 244,022 N.C....... 393,751 478,103 555,500 638,829 Ohio.. Oregon R. I.. S. C.... Texas 434,373 602,361 810,091 1,047,507 1,348,233 1,724,033 2,311,786 2,906,115 97,199 108,830 147,545 174,620 581,185 594,298 668,507 703,703 681,904 829,210 1,002,717 1,109,801 212,592 C04 215 291.948 314,120 315.098 Vermont 85,416 154,465 217,713 235,749 280,652 Virginia... 748,308 880,200 974,622 1,065,129 1,211,405 1,239,797 1,421,661 1,598,318 Wisconsin Territor's Colorado .... S0,945 305,391 775,881 1850 1860 .... .... .... Grand total in 1860 ... 17,069,453 23,191.876 31,443,322 To which add Indians and others in the Indian territory, not included in the Census ...... 304,192 .... ...... .... ..... .... .... CHAPTER XXX. The United States Flag. 1. THE United States flag, "The stars and stripes," it too familiar an object to require much description; for every body has seen it, and almost every one has admired it. And no wonder, for it is the handsomest flag in the world, "Red, White and Blue;"-those alternate red and white stripes in beautiful contrast with the blue field bedecked with stars;-as though a piece of the sky had been taken to add more beauty to our national emblem which makes it in truth, "The star-spangled banner." May it forever wave "O'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave." 2. But there is a little history about it, which it is well to know. In 1794 when there were only 15 States, Congress passed an act, declaring that the flag of the United States, should consist of 15 stripes, alternate red and white, and that the Union be 15 stars, white in a blue field. The stars and stripes were by this act to be equal in number. But this act was repealed by another, passed in 1818, which declared that it should consist of only 13 stripes, alternate red and white; and that the Union be 20 stars; and that upon the admission of every new State into the Union, one star be added to the Union of the flag. This has been done, and now there are 37 stars in the blue field. By this arrangement our flag is and always will be emblematic of two things; the 13 stripes indicate the 13 original States, while the stars show, and will always show, the number of States in the Federal Union. The stars will continue to increase until the last State shall be added; and when thus completed, will probably form a constellation of 50 or more stars, representing so many States. CHAPTER XXXI. The Laws of the United States. 1. A CLEARER and more comprehensive idea of the laws under which we live, may be obtained by a sort of analysis of them, or a division of them into their several kinds. By this process we shall find four different laws, emanating from four different sources, or authorities; each hav ing the power to enact, and to demand obedience to its enactments. The first of these is the Constitution of the United States. This is considered as an enactment of the people themselves; for it was made by their representatives chosen for that purpose, and afterwards ratified by them through another body of their representatives, viz., the Legislatures of the several States. In the Constitution itself we find a large body of laws, and those of the most important and essential character; for they not only bind every person in the country, but they bind Congress itself, which is the law-making power of the Government. 2. The whole body of the law found in the Constitution is called "constitutional law." It is of the highest authority, and paramount to all other laws, excepting the laws of God. Statute laws may be changed or repealed at any time by the same power that enacted them, but the Constitution cannot be changed but by a vote of two |