other world. May this then, which is my prayer, be granted to me.' "Then holding the cup to his lips, quite readily and cheerfully he drank off the poison." STUDY ON c. What qualities of character did Sokrates show in his defence? What were his religious beliefs? How far were they like ours? How far different? Why was the religious belief of a man a matter of political importance in a Greek state? What was Sokrates' ideal of life? What proof can you give that Sokrates had a large Athenian following? What qualities of character did Sokrates show in his death? d. Quotations from the Tragedians. "The lips of Zeus know not to speak a lying speech, But will perform each single word." Eschylus. "Nor did I deem thy edicts strong enough -Sophokles. "Let those who live do right ere death descendeth ; * "For mere high birth I have small meed of praise ; "For men of courage and of virtuous soul, Though born of slaves, are far above vain titles." * "There are three virtues to observe, my son: And you will win the fairest crown of honour." "For when the rabble is strong and falling into rage, it is as hard to quell as a fierce fire. But if one quietly yield, watching well his chance, perhaps it may spend the fury of its blasts and give you your own way as much as you please. For pity and passion are alike inherent in the masses, giving excellent advantage to one who carefully watches his opportunity." "The populace is a terrible thing when it has evil leaders; but when it has good ones, it always deliberates well." "God rules as he wills the events that happen to mortals." 66 "I think not that any of the gods is bad." "This is more noble, my son, to honour equality, which ever links friends with friends and states with states and allies with allies; for equality is sanctioned by law among men." "Why dost thou honor so unboundedly that prosperous injustice, royalty, and think so highly of her?" "All the life of man is full of pain, nor is there any respite from our toil; but whatever state there may be better than this is hid in shrouding clouds of darkness. Fond, indeed, we seem of this glittering earthly life through want of trial of any other and through want of proof of what there is beneath the ground." "Confidence is seated in my soul that the man who reveres the gods will fare prosperously." "His state is easiest whose wife is settled in his house, a cipher.... A wise woman I detest; may there not be in my house, at least, a woman more highly gifted with mind than women ought to be." "Silence and modesty are best for a woman, remaining quietly within." e. From the Comedies of Aristophanes. (Frere's translation.) "Demus [the personified Athenian people]. Why, sure, you don't believe in the gods. Nikias. I do. Dem. But what's your argument? Where's your proof? Nik. Because I feel they persecute and hate me; in spite of everything I try to please 'em. Dem. Well, well. That's true; you're right enough in that. In the following extract Aristophanes personifies the Athenian Ekklesia: "He's a man in years. A kind of a bean-fed, husky, testy character, In this same play, the " Knights," the following conversation occurs between a sausage-seller and a leading demagogue : "S.S. Are there any means of making a great man Of a sausage-selling fellow such as I? Dem. The very means you have must make you so. These, these must make ye what ye're meant to be. To the families of the gentry? What a footing will it give ye! What a ground-work For confidence and favor at your outset! S.S. But bless ye! Only consider my education! I can but barely read, in a kind of a way. Dem. That makes against ye!-The only thing against ye,The being able to read in any way." STUDY ON d AND e. What do the extracts from Euripides and Aristophanes show of the political faults of Athens? Illustrate from the Athenian history. What political virtues do they refer to? What three religious tendencies appear in these extracts and in the account of Sokrates? What do these extracts tell us of social life? In General. Why is the Age of Perikles thought so great? Why should not such an age have come to Sparta? What reasons can you find for its coming to Athens? E.F. STUDY ON PERIOD 431-338. From Opening of the Peloponnesian War to the Battle of Charoneia. Chief contemporary authorities: Xenophon, Demosthenes, Isokrates, Plato. Other chief original authorities: Plutarch, Diodorus. Chief modern authorities: Grote and Curtius. 1. Summary of Principal Political, Military, and Naval Events, 439–362. 439 TO 405. Peloponnesian War, carried on with varying fortunes and with various combinations of the Greek states under the opposing leaderships of Sparta and Athens. Now a city revolts or changes sides, now enters, now withdraws from the conflict. Persian money often helps the Spartan allies. In 405 occurs the battle of Ægospotami; the fleet of the Athenians is completely defeated, and the states formerly allied with and subject to her submit to Sparta. Athens herself holds out, though without allies and illprovisioned. The Athenians, perishing of famine, accede to the following demands of the Lacedæmonians : the tearing down of their walls, the surrender of 405 TO 339. all their ships but twelve, and the restoration of their exiles; they shall, moreover, have the same friends and foes as the Lacedæmonians, and "follow by land and by sea wherever they may lead." The Athenian democracy is now overthrown by the help of Sparta, and an oligarchy of thirty, known as the Thirty Tyrants, is established. These first expel or execute the democratic leaders, confiscate their property, and finally disarm and banish from Athenian privilege and protection all but 3,000 citizens, chosen by themselves. They also forbid any sophist to teach in Athens. The exiles return and attack Athens; the Spartan king interferes, expels the Thirty on account of their atrocities, restores the exiles. The Athenians, meeting now in full assembly, vote back a democracy, declare a general amnesty for all save the most conspicuous oligarchs, and decree a revision and publication of the Athenian laws. 399 TO The Persians attack the Asiatic Greeks, who are under Spartan protection; war between Per394. sia and Sparta; Rhodes revolts from the Spartan leadership; Corinth, Thebes, and Athens refuse her any aid, and finally themselves attack her. In 394, at the battle of Knidus, the Persians overthrow the naval power of Sparta, and release from her power the cities of the Egæan. War is made on Sparta by Thebes, Athens, Argos, and Corinth; it ends by the "Peace of Antalkidas," which is composed at the Persian court by Spartan request, and sent to Greece for the cities to sign. This peace reads as follows: : 394 ΤΟ 387. "Artaxerxes, the king, thinks it right that the cities in Asia. . . should belong to himself, and that he should leave the other Greek cities, small and great, free. . . . Whichsoever of the two parties does not assent to those terms of peace, I |