myself, in conjunction with those who receive them, will make war upon that party both by land and by sea, both with ships and with money."

Growing dissatisfaction of Greeks with Sparta; Spartans expelled from Thebes; Persians distribute money among the Greeks to help them. against Sparta.

387 ΤΟ

379.

378 ΤΟ

371.

Athens and Thebes, in alliance, lead in a war against Sparta. At the battle of Leuktra the Spartan military power on land is broken by Thebes; Sparta is compelled to withdraw her officers and garrisons from all the Greek cities, and leave them independent.

Many of the Greek cities now ally themselves with Thebes, who leads in war against Sparta, Epaminondas being the Theban general.

STUDY ON I.

371

TO

362.

Why should the Persians help Sparta rather than Athens in the Peloponnesian War? Why should the battle of Ægospotami decide this war for Athens? Why should "the Thirty" forbid any sophist to teach in Athens? Remark upon the proceedings of "the Thirty" as compared with those of the restored Athenian democracy. What power has Persia to dictate terms of peace? What is the attitude of the various states towards Sparta? Prove it.

Prove it.

Towards Persia?

362

то

346.

2. Summary of Leading Events, 362-338. Conquests of Philip of Macedon in Thrace, Illyria, and along the northern coast of the Ægean; in spite of Athenian opposition, he conquers the Greek towns of Chalkidike. He threatens the Hellespont and Chersonese. Meanwhile a Sacred War goes on, in which various Greek states, led by Thebes, war on Phokis, because the Amphiktyony has accused her of desecrating, by cultivation, a part of the sacred fields of Delphi. Philip

declares himself the champion of Apollo, wins Delphi from the Phokians, and in return gains a seat and two votes in the Amphiktyonic council, in spite of strong objections on the part of the Athenians.

346

TO

340.

Difficulties and ill-feeling between those Athenians who favor and those who oppose Philip.

The latter party is led by the orator Demosthenes. Philip enters Thrace and advances on Chersonese; the Athenians defend their threatened allies against him, roused to activity by the third Philippic of Demosthenes, in which he says:

"I observe that... you have conceded Philip a right, which in former times has been the subject of contest in every Grecian war. And what is this? The right of doing what he pleases, openly fleecing and pillaging the Greeks, one after another, attacking and enslaving their cities. You were at the head of the Greeks for seventy-three years, the Lacedæmonians for twenty-nine; and the Thebans had some power in these latter times after the battle of Leuktra. Yet neither of you, my countrymen, nor Thebans, nor Lacedæmonians, were ever licensed by the Greeks to act as you please; far otherwise. When you, or rather the Athenians of that time, appeared to be dealing harshly with certain people, all the rest, even such as had no complaint against Athens, thought proper to side with the injured parties in a war against her.... Yet all the faults committed by the Spartans in those thirty years, and by our ancestors in seventy, are fewer, men of Athens, than the wrongs which, in the less than thirteen years that Philip has been uppermost, he has inflicted on the Greeks: . . . What is the condition of Thessaly? Has he not taken away her constitutions and the governments of her cities? . . . Are not the Eubœan states governed now by despots, and that in an island near to Thebes and Athens? Does he not expressly write in his epistles, I am at peace with those who are willing to obey me'?... And we, the Greek community, seeing and hearing

this, instead of sending embassies to one another about it and expressing indignation, are in such a miserable state, so intrenched in our separate towns, that to this day we can attempt nothing that interest or necessity requires; we cannot combine or form any association for succor and alliance; we look unconcernedly on the man's growing power, each resolving, methinks, to enjoy the interval that another is destroyed in, neither caring nor striving for the salvation of Greece.

"First, let us prepare for our own defense; provide ourselves, I mean, with ships, money, and troops; for surely, though all other people consented to be slaves, we at least ought to struggle for freedom. When we have completed our own preparations and made them apparent to the Greeks, then let us invite the rest, and send our embassadors everywhere... to Peloponnesus, to Rhodes, to Chios, to the king. . . . This work belongs to you; this privilege your ancestors bequeathed to you, the prize of many perilous exertions."

340

ΤΟ

338.

The Lokrians are accused by the Amphiktyony of cultivating the sacred plain of Apollo; war is declared against them and Philip elected general. Thebans and Athenians decline to join under his lead. Philip conquers the Theban and Athenian forces in the battle of Chæroneia; he calls a congress of Greeks at Corinth to settle their common affairs; there war is proposed and declared against Persia, for which each Greek state is to furnish men or ships, while Philip is to be their captain-general. From this time to 146 B.C., in spite of many struggles and much confusion, Greece is under Macedonian leadership or supremacy.

STUDY ON 2.

Name in order the states which lead the Greeks after the Peloponnesian War. How in each instance is the leadership obtained? What is the general condition of affairs among the Greek states from

439 to 338?

The battle of Charoneia is often held to mark the fall of Greece. Why? What seem to you to be the causes of that fall? Why does Greece fall into the hand of the Macedonian and not into that of the Persian? How might this fall have been averted? By what change in organization? In spirit? Illustrate or remark on each paragraph taken from Demosthenes.

STUDY ON GENERAL COURSE OF GREEK HISTORY.

What characterizes Greek political history? What state appears as the champion of Pan-hellenism? Give instances. What is the application of the motto on p. 32? How does each Homeric ideal develop in later history? What relation between the Homeric ideals and the development of the Greek character? Why does that character develop so differently in different places? vary so widely in Athens?

How does it come to

THE HELLENISTIC OR ALEXANDRIAN CONQUESTS AND KINGDOMS, 338-146 B.C.

"Think of the crowds of Dionysiac artists, and their joyous wandering life, the festivals and games of old and new Greek cities, even in the far East, to which are gathered from afar festive spectators in a common worship. As far as the colonies on the Indus and Jaxartes, the Greek has kinsmen and finds countrymen. . . . Science orders into system the marvellous traditions of the Babylonians, Egyptians, and Hindoos, and strives, from a comparison of them, to gain new results. All these streams of civilization ... are now united in the cauldron of Hellenistic culture."

DROYSEN.

No contemporary authority, aside from existing monuments, the most famous of these being the remains and the sculptures found at Pergamos; chief original authorities: Arrian and Plutarch.

Chief modern authorities accessible in English: Grote, Thirlwall, Finlay.

Chronological Summary of Important Events in the Hellenistic World, 338 B.C. to Period of Roman Dominion.

338

TO

334.

On the death of Philip, Alexander is chosen in a congress of the Greek states at Corinth, as general-in-chief of the Greek forces against the Persian. Thebes revolts against him and is subdued. Sparta remains independent. He receives the sanction of Delphi for his enterprise.

Alexander crosses the Hellespont, and follows the route indicated in the map (see p. 74); at Troy he offers sacrifices and honors to the Greek heroes of the Trojan War, and raises altars to Zeus, Herakles, and Athena. At the Granikus, he wins a victory over the Persians; from