the Centuries . . . where can they be held under auspices, unless where they are wont [to be held]?... For my part I can see nothing more impious.' . . . Camillus is said to have moved them also by other parts of his speech, but chiefly by that which related to religious matters. But an expression seasonably uttered determined the matter while still undecided; for when some troops. . . passed through the Forum in their march, a centurion . . . cried out, Standard-bearer, fix your standard! It is best for us to remain here.' Which expression being heard, both the Senate came out from the senatehouse, and all cried out that they embraced the omen, and . . . the building of the city commenced." e. The Judgment of Manlius and the Devotion of Decius. During the Latin war of 340-338, "Manlius and Decius being consuls, it is said that there appeared to both. . . during sleep, the same form of a man larger and more majestic than human, who said, 'Of the one side a general, of the other an army, is due to the infernal deities and to mother-earth; from whichever army a general shall devote [to death] himself and the legions of the enemy, to that army shall belong the victory.'" In the morning, the consuls "having brought together the lieutenant-generals and tribunes and having openly expounded to them the commands of the gods, settled. . . that on whichsoever wing the Roman people should commence to give way, the consul on that side should devote himself [to death] for the Roman people." At the same time it was ordered that no one should leave his appointed place in order to fight the enemy. Now it happened that the son of Manlius, being sent out to reconnoitre, was provoked into a contest, in which however he was victorious. "When the consul heard this, . . . he ordered an assembly to be summoned. . . . When these assembled in great numbers, he said: Since you, Titus Manlius, revering neither the consular power nor a father's majesty, have fought against the enemy out of your post contrary to our orders, and . . . since either the authority 1 ... of consuls is to be established by your death, or by your forgiveness to be forever annulled; go, lictor, bind him to the stake.'... The body of the youth, being covered with spoils, was burned on a pile.' Soon afterwards the Romans marched forth to battle, Decius commanding the left. The Roman spearmen on this side were the first to give way, whereupon the consul Decius called upon the Pontifex Maximus to dictate to him the words in which he must devote himself. "The pontiff directed him to take the gown called prætexta, and with his head covered, . . . standing upon a spear placed under his feet, to say these words: Jupiter, father Mars . . . ye divinities under whose power we and our enemies are, I pray you... that you will prosperously grant strength and victory to the Roman people . . . and that ye may afflict the enemies of the Roman people . . . with terror, dismay, and death. In such manner as I have expressed in words, so do I devote the legions and auxiliaries of the enemy, together with myself, to the infernal deities. . . in behalf of the republic.'... Having uttered this prayer, . . . he, girding himself, . . . and fully armed, mounted his horse and rushed into the midst of the enemy. . . . But when he fell, overwhelmed with darts, instantly the Latins, thrown into manifest consternation, took to flight;" while the Romans, "their minds being free from religious dread," fought with new ardor and won the day. ... STUDY ON 8. What do the incidents, a, b, c, show us of the style of Roman life? Of what they cared for? Throughout the story d, what seems to be regarded as of prime importance? Name three or four qualities of character shown by the patricians. What characteristic appears in the fact that Camillus will not lead the army until the Senate has appointed him? In story e, what qualities displayed by Manlius? By Decius? What do we learn of religion and the importance of forms? Of superstition? Illustrate the same things from d. 1 A similar story was told of Brutus, one of the first consuls of Rome, who condemned his own sons to death for treason to the state. B. II. STUDY ON REPUBLICAN ROME, PUNIC PERIOD, 264-146 B.C. Contemporary authority: Polybius. Other original authorities: Livy, Plutarch. At 264 B.C. Note on Carthage and Carthaginian Dominion. the Carthaginian dominion included a good portion of Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia, and parts of the Spanish coast. With these modifications, the map below fairly represents the territories ruled or influenced respectively by Rome and Carthage. Carthage was herself originally a Tyrian colony; for the ground she held she paid rent to the native Africans, even after she was highly prosperous; and, although protected by deserts, by seas, and by distance, she occasionally paid tribute to the Persian and Egyptian kings. Her government was an aristocracy of wealth, and her armies were mercenaries obtained in the best market. It was said in antiquity that every foreign mariner found sailing in the western Mediterranean was seized and drowned by the Carthaginians. STUDY ON MAP AND NOTE. What great geographical contrast between the Roman and Carthaginian dominion at 264 B.C.? What occupation indicated by the distribution of Carthaginian lands? Explain how every fact mentioned in the note is connected with this occupation. What was the Carthaginian ideal? How do you fancy the Carthaginian compared with the Roman civilization? Why? 1. Chronological Summary of the Greater Events of the Punic Period, 265–201. 265 ΤΟ 264. The Mamertines, a band of Campanian mercenaries, hold the Sicilian Messana and are hard beset by the Syracusan Greeks. Among them, one party is for asking Roman, the other, Carthaginian, aid. The former party triumphs, sends an embassy to Rome, whence aid is voted and troops are sent. Before they reach Messana, however, the Carthaginian party brings about a peace, and sends word to the Romans that their presence is no longer necessary. The Romans, however, persist in their advance, expel the Carthaginian garrison, and obtain possession of Messana for themselves. Thereupon, the First Punic War begins. The Romans build a fleet. Indecisive war in Sicily, Africa, and the Sicilian waters. Four fleets and four armies and at least a sixth of the citizens of Rome perish. 260 TO 241. 241. Private Roman citizens equip a new fleet of two hundred ships manned by 60,000 men, and beat the Carthaginians, who at once sue for peace. They gain it on condition of surrendering Sicily and paying nearly $4,000,000. 241 TO Interval between First and Second Punic War. - Carthaginian mercenaries, denied their full pay, mutiny, and are joined by the Libyan subjects of Carthage. Thereupon, the mercenary garri 218. sons in Sardinia offer to surrender that island to Rome. Rome accepts it, and soon adds Corsica. Appealed to by Greek and Italian mariners and merchants, she puts down the Illyrian pirates. She thus gains dominion in Illyria, becomes the ally of several Greek towns, and is admitted to share in the Greek games and the Greek worship. Attacked by the Kelts of northern Italy, she conquers them, and extends her power to the Alps, planting colonies and building roads throughout her new possessions. She also accepts as allies several Spanish towns, notably Saguntum. Hamilcar, general-in-chief of the Carthaginians, retaining his command by a free use of money at home, subdues revolted Libya, and makes of Spain a Carthaginian province, whose wealth maintains a well-trained Spanish army. At his death this force passes under the command of Hannibal, his son. Hannibal besieges and takes Saguntum, and the Second Punic War begins. (See map, p. 152.) 218 ΤΟ 201. Hannibal leads his Spanish and Carthaginian army over the Alps into Gaul, where he is joined at once by the Kelts, who seize this chance to revolt from Rome, and with whom he has already formed alliances. Thence he marches through Italy, which he harries and plunders, and nearly subdues by four great victories. The last of these is at Cannæ, where oneseventh of the Italian forces perish. Thereupon, Syracuse and Macedon ally themselves with Carthage; many of the Italian towns, to which Hannibal promises liberty, accept him as friend, though the colonies stand by Rome. Rome now decrees that the days of mourning for the dead of Cannæ shall be shortened; that new legions shall be at once enrolled, including criminals and slaves; that new weapons shall at once be forged, and that, meanwhile, |