or relation, as well as their friendships: these, however, are not irreconcilable or perpetual. Even homicide is atoned by a certain fine in cattle and sheep; and the whole family accepts the satisfaction. . . . Every one, according to his ability, feasts his guest; when his provisions are exhausted, he who was late the host is now the guide and companion to another hospitable board. They enter the next house uninvited, and are received with equal cordiality. . . . Their drink is a liquor prepared from barley or wheat brought by fermentation to a certain resemblance of wine. . . . Their food is simple: wild fruits, fresh venison, or coagulated milk. Of their slaves, each is the master of a habitation and household of his own. The lord requires from him a certain quantity of grain, cattle, or cloth, as from a tenant; and so far only the subjection of the slave extends. His domestic offices are performed by his own wife and children." STUDY ON I AND 2. What is the political unit here? What are its bonds of union? How is property held? How is it ruled? What is meant by a patriarchal family? What sort of literature exists among the Teutons? What makes a man a Teuton? What bond of union, then, among them? What does Tacitus think of the reality of this bond? What proof does he give of its existence? What are their occupations? What is their ideal? In how many ways and how is this shown? Make a list of their magistrates. What is done by each? How do their magistrates obtain power? Who gives them power? What assemblies have they? What is done by each? Compare with Homeric Greece and Regal Rome. What name will you give to this sort of political organization? What adjective describes the political position of the individual? What is the position of women among them? What sort of women are evidently found among the Teutons? How is the king or ruler supported? When and how is a man recognized as a full-grown Teuton? What organization is there among the Teutons which we have not met before? What is the bond which holds it together? How is it supported? What characterizes their mode of living when at home? What new units and new bonds of union have you discovered among the Germans? What old ones? 3. Extracts and Stories from Teutonic Sources. From the Edda of Sæmund. "It was God himself who made three castes of men eternally unequal; he has created first the serf, with a dark skin, hard hands, and a bent back; his task is to till the land, dig the peat, watch the goats and pigs. Then he made the man of bright eyes and ruddy skin, who knows how to tame cattle, to make the plow, to build houses and barns. And last of all, God made the noble, with yellow hair, and bright cheeks, and a glance as piercing as that of a dragon; it is he who can shake the lance, and draw the bow and fight valiantly." From the "Burnt Njal." In this saga we are told of the old man Njal, whose sons have been slain, and whose house is burning over his head. When entreated to save himself, he replies: "I am an old man, little fitted to avenge my murdered sons, so I will not go out to live in shame." The same saga tells us of Illugi, the brother of a great outlaw who had been killed. When Illugi, however, falls into the hands of the men who had slain his brother, he chooses to die rather than promise not to take vengeance on them. In the same story, one man will not let his own father give land, but prefers to go to another part of country and seize it for himself; while another chooses to get land by turning out an earlier settler to taking it as a gift from his brother; and the woman Steinura will buy a farm rather than accept it from her kinsmen. The Lay of Sigfurde says: "Never trust the promises thy foe's kinsman makes thee." Says the Elder Edda: "Let no man go a step without his arms, for it is hard to know when a man may need a weapon." "At home every one is his own master." "One's own home is best, small though it be." STUDY ON 3. What classes of men existed among the Teutons, and how is each regarded? How do they regard this division into classes? What is the occupation of each? How would manual labor be regarded among them? What is their ideal? If any one is wronged, who is responsible for righting that wrong? In this case what appears as the unit, and what bond makes of it a unit? What is the state of security among the Teutons? How do you know? What reason for this condition of affairs? What qualities of character appear in these extracts? Note on Vocabulary. — In general, we find the same roots used in the Latin, Greek, Keltic, Slavic,1 and Teutonic tongues for the following words: -(1) Father, mother, brother, sister, daughter, father- and mother-in-law, daughter- and son-, brother- and sister-in-law; (2) ox, cow, sheep, horse, hog, donkey, goose, mouse, and fly; (3) plow, yoke, grind, weave, sing, milk, sow, and reap; (4) house, field, clothes, wool, hides, cart, axe, knife, oar, rudder, boat, hammer. These are but a few out of the many examples that might be given of the similarity of words in these languages. Among all these people the children are told the story of "Cinderella" and of "Prince Hal under the Earth," and stories of invisible caps and rings and of brave dragonkillers. GENERAL STUDY. What have we found in common between the Greeks, Romans, and Teutons? It is generally held that these common possessions indicate a common origin for all these peoples; what must have been true in general of the time of that origin compared with the opening of European history at 1000 B.C.? If all these people, Kelts,2 Teutons, Slaves, Greeks, and Romans came from Asia, which entered Europe first, judging by geographical distribution? [See map, pp. 252, 253.] Why do you think so? Which last? How did the Greeks and Romans happen to be most quickly civilized? Look over the above list of words and determine what occupations the Aryans must have known before they separated. By what occupations must they have been supported? What do you think they ate and wore at that time? How did they amuse themselves? 1 The Caucasians of Eastern Europe are mostly Slavs; the purest Slavic blood is found in Russia. 2 The purest Kelts of Europe are the Irish, Welsh, and Scotch. 3 Aryan is the general name given to Greek, Roman, Keltic, Teutonic, and Slavic stocks. C. II. THE CHRISTIAN EMPIRE.-CONSTAN TINE TO CHARLEMAGNE. A. Under Roman control. 325-476 A.D. "And, behold, the Lord passed by, and a great and strong wind rent the mountains, and brake in pieces the rocks before the Lord; but the Lord was not in the wind: and after the wind an earthquake; but the Lord was not in the earthquake: and after the earthquake a fire; but the Lord was not in the fire: and after the fire a still small voice."— I Kings, XIX. 11, 12. Chief original and contemporary sources, 325-476: Ammianus, St. Augustine, St. Jerome, and St. Ambrose, Claudian, Salvian, Zosimus, the Theodosian Code, the Canon-law. 476-814. For the Empire, the Justinian Code and Procopius; for Italy, Cassiodorus; for the Goths, Jornandes; for France, Gregory of Tours, Eginhard, and the Capitularies 1 of Charlemagne ; for England, Gildas, Bede, and the contemporary laws; for the Church, all the above sources, and canons of the Councils; for Islam, the Koran. Chief modern authorities accessible in English: for the Church and the Empire, Gibbon, Milman, Finlay, and Bryce; for France, Guizot; for England, Stubbs and Green; for Islam, Gibbon, Muir, Ockley, Freeman. 1 Capitularies (little headings), summaries of law and custom. II. A. THE CHRISTIAN EMPIRE UNDER ROMAN CONTROL, 323-476. 1. Facts of Imperial Organization. a. List of Chief Officials of the Roman Empire in the Fifth Century. (Guizot.) First Chamberlain, the chief of those who served the emperor in his apartments; Count of the Palace, the chief of those who served him at table; Count of the Sacred Wardrobe, the chief of those who cared for the imperial wardrobe; three Secretaries of the Chamber, private secretaries of the emperor, who transacted much public business for him; three Guardians of Silence, whose business it was to keep the palace of the emperor quiet; Steward of the Cappadocian Estates; Counts of the Cavalry and Infantry of the Palace, two select bands of soldiery for guarding the imperial person. Each of these officers had under him many subordinates and this whole body constituted the IMPERIAL COURT; each emperor and empress and each Cæsar had a similar court chosen by himself or herself. Master of the Offices, administered justice to the people of the palace; received appeals of private citizens and the petitions of cities; had charge of the imperial messengers and spies throughout the provinces, and the armorers of the empire. Quæstor, judged affairs referred to the prince; composed the laws and edicts of the emperor, kept a register of military officials. Count of the Sacred Largesses, treasurer of the empire, receiving and disbursing its funds. Crown Treasurer, who managed the revenues more particularly belonging to the emperor, such as gifts and bequests. Secretary of State, kept the register of public officials, with their duties and salaries. Each of these officers had under him a great number of |