forms? What element of beauty seems to have been especially admired in ornament? What relation between the Alhambra ornament and the fact that the Saracens were commanded by their religion strictly to obey the second commandment?. What was the Mohammedan form of government? What was the relation of Church and State? What point in the description of Bagdad showed this relation? EUROPEAN HISTORY, 814-1880. A. Early Medieval Period: Charlemagne to the Crusades, 814-1095. B. Middle Medieval Period: Crusading, 1095-1215. C. Late Medieval Period: Magna Charta to Columbus, 1215-1492. D. Renaissance and Reformation, 1492-1648. "There is a destiny that shapes our ends, rough-hew them as we will." - SHAKSPERE. A. EARLY MEDIEVAL PERIOD, CHARLEMAGNE TO THE ORUSADES, 814-1095. Chief original and contemporary authorities: The laws of the period in each European country, and the decrees of councils and popes; the chronicles of the monks, especially in England and France; the works of Arabic historians and poets. Chief modern authorities in English: for Europe in general, Gibbon, Guizot, Bryce; for England, Stubbs, Green; for Byzantine Empire, Finlay; for the Church, Milman. 1. Organizations of Period. The following tables give the political organizations of the period, as seen in typical cases. NOTE. The following form of organization is known as FEUDAL; and this adjective may be applied to any part of it, as "feudal law," "feudal land.' The organization of Spain was 1 Lands held by feudal tenure are called "fiefs." Same as the Barons in their various feudal relations. 1 General name given to feudal inferiors. 24 ments. Sworn protectors of the ladies of the lord's castle; assist their superior in his administration. Homage" is the ceremony by which the vassal pretends to return the land to his lord and receives it back, on condition of being his lord's "man." 3 A baron's vassal has, as his direct or "immediate " lord, his baron; the baron's immediate lord is his king. 4 Feudal dues are the following: an annual tax; an extra tax when the lord's eldest daughter is married, or his eldest son knighted; or whenever the lord himself goes to war, or becomes a prisoner and needs ransom. b. In Holy Roman Empire, after Otto the Great (962). Emperor.1 "Defender of the Christian faith." As emperor, has As emperor, no income. owns no land. General inter- Appoints bishops; "Protector of Pales- 1 After the time of Otto the Great, the same man was generally Emperor, king of Germany, and king of Italy. |