and 9000 squires; and in ships we will convey 4500 knights and 20,000 foot-soldiers. And the contract shall cover nine months' provision for all these horses and all these people. This is what we will do on condition that we are paid four marcs for every horse and two for every man; and the contract shall begin to take effect from the day in which we set sail from Venice, in the service of God and Christendom." The doge also promised fifty armed galleys " for the love of God," on condition that French and Venetians should share half and half in all their undertakings. STUDY ON 3. Name all the motives which, in your opinion, moved men to go crusading. Of these, which were characteristic of the time? Which common to all times? What is the relation of the pope to the crusades? What historic reason why the pope should appeal especially to the French? What was the value of the sacred lance to the crusaders? What would naturally become of much feudal land as a result of such circumstances as the crusaders found themselves in at Antioch? What effect would such circumstances have upon their faith? What proofs that this effect was produced? What effect upon the population of Europe? What class would become relatively weak in point of numbers? What did crusading evidently teach the crusaders? What benefits evidently accrued to Europe from this crusading? What occupations would rise in value in men's regard? To whom would the power formerly exercised by the perished knights now pass? What do we learn as to the comparative amount of civilization in the West and in the East? In what ways was the West behind? Why should the Venetians be more enlightened than the other crusaders? What practical proof in their own city of their civilization? What motives and what spirit seem to have actuated Saladin? Name all that you learn about the Venetians from their bargain with the crusaders. C. LATER MEDIEVAL PERIOD, 1215-1492. From the Great Charter to the Discovery of America. Chief contemporary authorities and sources of information: Laws of England, France, the Empire, and the Church; charters and petitions of guilds, towns, orders; the monastic chroniclers, such as Matthew Paris and the monks of St. Denis; the chronicles of courtiers and travellers, such as those of Joinville, Froissart, Marco Polo; literary remains1 in poetry and prose, notably of Chaucer, Dante, Roger Bacon; monuments of period, -its castles, cathedrals, town-defences and town-halls; frescoes and tapestries, painted and wrought for churches, castles, or town-halls. Chief modern authorities in English, as before, adding Rogers' "Six Centuries of Work and Wages," and Brentano's "Essay on Guilds" for industrial history. a. States. 1. Organizations of the Period. The kingdoms of Europe are still, in theory, feudal monarchies; the Empire still the Holy Roman Empire; in each country, however, now appear prominently Assemblies of Estates; that is, assemblies composed of men from the Estate (rank or order) of Nobility, to which men are admitted by birth and training; from the Estate of the Clergy, to which they are admitted by vows of devotion to the Church; and from the Third Estate, or the Estate of Commons, or of free, untitled men. In France, this assembly is called into existence by King Philip the Fair, and is named the States-General; in Spain, it is the Cortez; in England, the Parliament; in Germany, the 1 For the literary remains of England, see the publications of the Early English Text Society. Diet. Practically, on the continent, the merchants predominate in the third estate; in England, the merchants and the country gentry (knights of landed property) are alike found. These assemblies of estates are called together at the desire of kings or emperors, to vote supplies of money for the needs of the monarch, and sometimes to be consulted on the affairs of the realm. In the empire the emperor is now elected by a body of seven. electors, three of them archbishops, four of them princes or dukes of great German fiefs. b. The Church. The following table shows the elements and relations of the ecclesiastical organization: Pope, elected by cardinals1 for life, or until necessary cause of deposition. General councils of bishops and archbishops, called together by pope or emperor. Archbishops and bishops, appointed or confirmed by the pope. Appoints cardinals, archbishops, and often bishops; determines in regard to the formation of new religious orders, and appoints their generals; has general oversight of university instruction, and suppresses books and men whose teachings seem injurious to religion; appoints papal legates (ambassadors to various European courts); calls from all Christendom for money - contributions, the expenditure of which he himself directs; final judge in all cases pertaining to archbishops and bishops; maker of all new canon law, and final judge in regard to the old. Decide in cases of conflicting authority between popes; determine what is heretical and what orthodox in regard to points of disputed doctrine. Same as before; ecclesiastical rulers of provinces and towns, under the general supervision of the pope; judges, amenable to pope and papal legates. 1 Cardinals, bishops chosen by the pope for his chief advisers and administrators. Regular clergy. Same as before; resident preachers and pastors under the bishops. Monastic orders author- Same as before; bound together by oaths of ized by pope. Mendicant orders, Dominicans and Franciscans. Military orders, authorized by the pope, who confirms or appoints their masters or generals. Papal legates. poverty, chastity, and obedience, living in communities under strict rules of labor and worship. Bound by vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience; itinerant preachers, living on the alms of the people. Bound by the vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, and enjoined to duties of hospitality and of arms, exercised in behalf of pilgrims, and in general of Christians in the East; defend and hold Eastern fortresses. Represent the interests of the pope at various courts; ambassadors; plenipotentiaries of the pope, whose decisions overrule those of bishops and archbishops in disputed cases. All this body of clergy claim and obtain freedom from all taxation by secular princes, excepting only feudal dues and voluntary grants; they are also generally free from the jurisdiction of the secular courts, being judged by ecclesiastics. c. The Guild. In the towns of this period we see men binding themselves together in Guilds; their organization may best be studied from the following extracts from their constitutions: From the Guild of Berwick-on-Tweed, 1283-1284. "Common fines shall go into the stock of the guild. Brethren shall bequeath something to the guild, if they make wills. If a brother be foul-mouthed to another, he shall be fined; and, on repetition, shall be further punished. Heavy fines shall be paid for bodily hurt done. Weapons shall not be brought to guild-meetings. None shall be taken into the guild without paying at least forty shillings, saving the sons and daughters of guildmen. Help shall be given to poor and ailing brethren. Dowries shall be given to poor maidens of good repute [in the guild]. Poor brethren shall be buried at the cost of the guild. Help shall be given to brethren charged with wrong-doing. If the brother has been rightly charged, he shall be dealt with as the aldermen1 and brethren think well. into the borough, a place for them being kept outside the town. No dung or dust-heaps shall be put near the banks of the Tweed. No lepers shall come "Underhand dealings in the way of trade shall be punished. If any one buy goods, misled by false top samples, amends must be made. Forestalling of the market shall not be allowed. Wools and hides shall not be engrossed by a few buyers. The affairs of the borough shall be managed by twenty-four discreet men of the town, chosen thereto, together with the mayor and four provosts. The mayor and provosts shall be chosen by the commonalty. "Bewrayers of the guild shall be heavily punished. Outdwelling brethren of the guild must deal in the town on marketdays. . . . "No woman shall buy at one time more than a chaldron (36 bushels) of cats for making beer to sell. . . . Whoever buys a lot of herrings, shall share them, at cost price, with the neighbors present at the buying.... Tanned leathers, brought in by outsiders, must be sold in open market and on market-day. . . . No one shall have more than two pair of mill-stones." The Carpenters' Guild at Norwich promises help to those fallen into poverty or mishap, if not brought about through folly or riotous living." From the Lancaster Guild of the Holy Trinity and St. Leonard. "No guild-brother shall wrong the wife or daughter or sister of another, nor shall allow her to be wronged so far as he can hinder it." 1 Aldermen, Eldermen, the chief elected officers of the guild. |