Apollyon, Ruler of the Abyss, King of the monsters of hell, heretics, and heretic princes, Abominable Beast, Protector, Head and Soul of the Confederation of the Rhine, that is, of the Seven Heads and Ten Horns of the Beast which bear blasphemies against Jesus Christ and his Church, against God and the Saints. That is the body of the Beast, and Napoleon is the head." Napoleon had promised them reform, to which they answer: "You will bring us a Calvinist reform, to introduce the innovations of the Protestants, as your Ministers, Senators, etc., are mostly of this sect, or else apostates, atheists, and Jews. . . . This popular insurrection fails, but causes Napoleon such serious difficulty that Stein, watching from Prussia, writes thus of it: "Affairs in Spain make a deep impression; they prove what one should have seen long ago. It will be a good thing to spread the news of them cautiously among our people. . . . Indignation grows day by day in Germany. We must encourage it, and seek men who may fire it." Soon after, in an official report he writes: "What, then, is to be done? Shall we submit or resist? We must therefore keep alive in the nation the feeling of discontent with this oppression, with our dependence on a foreign nation, insolent and daily growing more frivolous. We must keep them familiar with the thought of selfhelp, of the sacrifice of life and of property, which in any case will soon become a possession and a prey to the ruling nation. . . ."

Meanwhile, in Berlin itself, Fichte is delivering a most popular course of lectures, afterwards published in bookform, from which the following extracts are taken:

"What, then, is the spirit that can be put at the helm in such a case [as that in which Germany now finds herself]? . . . What but the consuming flame of the higher patriotism, which

conceives the nation as the embodiment of the Eternal; for which the high-minded man devotes himself with joy, and the low-minded man. . . must be made to devote himself. . . . You at least have heard the Germans spoken of as one. You have seen a visible sign of their unity, an Empire and an Imperial Union, among you have been heard from time to time voices that were inspired by that higher patriotism. Your successors will grow accustomed to other views, they will adopt foreign forms and another current of life and affairs, and how long will the time be till no one lives any longer who has seen Germans or heard of them?"

Meanwhile, secret societies are formed in Prussia and other parts of Germany, having for their object independence of Napoleon; prominent among these are the gymnastic unions (Turn-Vereine), whose founder, Jahn, has the idea that the German youth should be trained for war by strenuous exercises in time of peace. Gradually two strong parties grow up in Prussia, the policy of one being to conciliate Napoleon, that of the other, to rid the country of everything French.

Napoleon now demands of the Prussian king the dismissal of Stein. Stein, temporarily banished, is invited to Russia by the czar. Once in St. Petersburg, he bends every energy to unite Russia with Prussia and with other German states against Napoleon; to this end he causes proclamations, pamphlets, songs of a patriotic nature, to be circulated throughout the Prussian army and among the Prussian people.

C. "War of Liberation."

In the midst of these endeavors comes Napoleon's reverse at Moscow, and his consequent retreat. The czar, urged on by Stein, follows Napoleon into Prussia, and declares himself ready to free her from the tyrant of Europe. The

king, bound to Napoleon by treaty, is helpless; his chief general Yorck, however, thus decides: "Our enemy only gains time by our delay; we lose it; every moment for us is an irrevocable loss. With bleeding heart I burst the bond of obedience, and wage war on my own account. The army wants war with France, the people want it, and so does the king, but the king has no free will. The army must make his will free." The czar, also, regarding the Prussian king as under compulsion, declares Stein provisional ruler of Prussia, with power to organize the people for war. Stein calls together meetings of the old Assemblies of Estates in various provinces, and the people with one enthusiasm declare for a "War of Liberation," and in alliance with Austria and Russia, arm themselves for victory. For the result, see 2.

STUDY ON 3.

In order to free herself from Napoleon, what two material forces must Prussia command? What moral feeling among her people? What in the Prussian organization stands directly in the way of her possessing each of the two former necessities? From this point of view, what is the value of each of the reforms proposed by Stein and his associates? What parallel between these reforms and those proposed by the French Revolution? How far back must we go to find the historic origin of the three classes of Prussia? What reason for the Prussian sympathy with Napoleon? What effect will the Prussian reforms have upon this sympathy? What feeling will be aroused to counteract it? What reason do you now discover for the intense popular dislike of Napoleon in Spain? Why does Stein wish to spread the news of the Spanish insurrection in Germany? What power does he perceive in it which can be employed against Napoleon? Of what value is Fichte to the Prussian Revolution? what value are the secret societies? What do you think of Jahn's idea? What historic example could he quote? What was Napoleon's opinion of Stein's measures? How do you know? What does Stein evidently consider the greatest power he can employ against Napoleon? What feelings in Yorck prove the strongest? What

Of

revolutionary principle recognized by Stein in calling together the old Prussian estates? What relation between the Prussian Revolution and the "War of Liberation"? Was that revolution fundamentally political or social?

III. NINETEENTH CENTURY, 1815-1880. Chief contemporary and original sources:

Chief historians accessible in English: In general, same as for D and E; for special period, Schlosser, Alison, Mackenzie.

"Ring out, wild bells, to the wild sky,
The flying cloud, the frosty light;

"Ring out a slowly dying cause,

And ancient forms of party strife;
Ring in the nobler modes of life,
With sweeter manners, purer laws.

*

"Ring out false pride in place and blood,
The civic slander and the spite;

Ring in the love of truth and right;
Ring in the common love of good.

"Ring in the valiant man and free,

The larger heart, the kindlier hand;
Ring out the darkness of the land,

Ring in the Christ that is to be."-TENNYSON.

"This world means something to the capable." — GOETHE.

"The truth shall make you free." - CHRIST.

1. Organizations of the Nineteenth Century.

The organizations of the nineteenth-century state may be seen in the following typical constitutions:

a. Constitution of England, 1880.