generally of the republican, type. - Mexico revolts against Spanish rule, and becomes a republic (1823).-The Poles revolt against the Russians in favor of national independence; they are subdued by force of arms, and deprived of their former constitution.-In Russia serfdom is abolished by an imperial decree (1858-1863); - a strong Nihilist party is formed opposing the whole Russian system; having no legislative bodies and no free press by which to urge reform, modify the absolutism of the czars, and correct the abuses of the State, they diffuse as widely as possible, through secret organizations and publications, extreme revolutionary ideas of society and politics.- Austria, after her defeat at Sadowa, reorganizes her government in accordance with constitutional principles, becomes reconciled with Hungary, and restores her constitution. - Civil wars in Spain between various parties and rival claimants to the throne end in the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. In the United States, long agitations against slavery culminate in the Emancipation Proclamation of Abraham Lincoln, which gives freedom to the negroes without compensation to their masters. STUDY ON 2, b-d. What point in the remark that the kings of the Restoration (Bourbons) "had learned nothing and had forgotten nothing"? From the events and measures of the period in France, what would seem to be regarded as the most formidable of modern political forces? Why should it be so regarded? How can you account for the popularity of Louis Napoleon? What new revolution threatens France? What principle seems to have been thoroughly established by the first French Revolution? What political tendency is growing in England during this whole century? What common measures are taken in both countries to suppress agitation? Compare the demands of the "Chartists" with the various acts of parliament from 1848 onward; how far have they been answered? What acts of injustice in the colonial policy of England? What beneficial measures has she initiated? What longstanding religious injustices are righted in this century? Whom did the corn-laws benefit, and how? Whom injure? Explain how it was that the introduction of machinery caused great misery among the artisan classes. What social and what political trouble appears in Ireland? What is the importance of the Suez Canal to England? What great social revolution has taken place in this century, both in England and the United States? With what difference? In what other country has a similar revolution occurred? What other facts do you find in d similar to facts and tendencies noticed in b and c? Compare Hungary and Ireland. What acts of civilized countries in this century would you name unchristian? STUDY ON MAP, PAGES 516, 517. What countries in Europe have political boundaries corresponding with their natural boundaries? Within these natural boundaries, what bonds of union exist among the people? Between what countries will you expect to find ill-feeling on account of the question of boundaries? What natural geographical units are not yet political units? What events or agitations correspond to this fact? Judging from the map alone, what part of Europe would you expect to find most easily involved in war? STUDY ON MAP, PAGES 520, 521. What relation between Europe and the rest of the world? What great movement of population is evidently taking place? What must result to the world from this movement in point of material civilization? In point of cosmopolitanism? Of community of institutions and thought? How does this movement correspond to the Greek, Macedonian, and Roman movements of population? How does it differ? What countries are likely to crowd each other in this movement? What effect will this have on the international relations of Europe? Compare the civilized area shown by this map with that seen in map on p. 2. Compare the civilizations. 3. Special Study on the Development of the German Empire, 1815-1880. 1815 TO 1848. At the Congress of Vienna, Stein demands that constitutional governments be established in the states of the new German Confederation. This proposition is overruled by the influence of the Austrian minister, Metternich, and each prince is left free to rule as he pleases, with or without a constitution. Metternich's view of the matter appears in the following extract from his political "Confession of Faith": 66 Kings have to calculate the chances of their very existence in the immediate future; passions are let loose and league together to overthrow . . . religion, public morality, laws, customs, rights, and duties. . . . ... "Union between the monarchs is the basis of the policy which must now be followed to save society from utter ruin. . . . "We are certainly not alone in questioning if society can exist with the liberty of the press, a scourge unknown to the world before the latter half of the seventeenth century, and restrained until the end of the eighteenth, with scarcely any exception but England. . . . "The first principle to be followed by monarchs . . . should be that of maintaining the stability of political institutions against the disorganized excitement which has taken possession of men's minds; . . . and respect for laws actually in force. against a desire for their destruction. . . . ... "The first need of society is to be maintained by strong authority, and not to govern itself. . . . The first and greatest concern for the immense majority of every nation is the stability of its laws, . . . never their change." The action of the Congress of Vienna rouses great indignation throughout the German universities. Studentsocieties and gymnastic-unions are everywhere formed, with German unity and liberty for their real aim. In 1817 occurs the three-hundredth anniversary of the nailing of Luther's theses to the church-door of Wittenberg. The students hold a commemoration festival on the Wartburg, when, with speeches and huzzas, they burn in a roaring |