locum ceperat, eum amissa anima corpore tegebat. Pauci autem, quos medios cohors praetoria disjecerat, paullo diversius, sed omnes tamen adversis vulneribus conciderant. Catilina vero longe a suis inter hostium cadavera repertus est, paullulum etiam spirans ferociamque animi, quam habuerat vivus, in vultu retinens. Postremo ex omni copia, neque in proelio neque in fuga quisquam civis ingenuus captus est; ita cuncti suae hostiumque vitae juxta pepercerant. Neque tamen exercitus populi Romani laetam aut incruentam victoriam adeptus erat; nam strenuissimus quisque aut occiderat in proelio, aut graviter vulneratus discesserat. Multi autem qui de castris visendi aut spoliandi gratia processerant, volventes hostilia cadavera, amicum alii, pars hospitem aut cognatum, reperiebant: fuere item, qui inimicos suos cognoscerent. Ita varie per omnem exercitum laetitia, moeror, luctus atque gaudia agitabantur, NOTES. CHAPTER I. 1. Omnes] The MSS. generally read omnis, and this in the age of Cicero and Sallust, according to the grammarians, was the usual orthography of the nom. and accus. plur. of nouns in is, gen. sing. not increasing gen. plur. in ium. Copyists frequently changed the termination to es, the later form, for the sake of clearness: in some instances they left is, mistaking it perhaps for a nom. or gen. sing. as Catil. 18. nonas Decembris, and 31. omnis tristitia invasit. Probably the usage always fluctuated. In this edition the later form in es is preserved throughout to obviate any difficulty in construction. 2. Sese student: i. q. simply student] This construction is not unusual with verbs of wishing, seeking, &c. Compare Cic. de Off. i. 19. principem se esse mavult quam videri; ii. 20. ille gratum se videri studet; for princeps, gratus videri. Corn. Nepos, in Vit. Eumen. 8. illa phalanx non parere se ducibus sed imperare postulabat. Compare another instance in Sallust, Jug. 14. vellem potius ob mea quam ob majorum meorum beneficia posse me a vobis auxilium petere. And again, Catil. 7. certamen...se quisque hostem ferire. 3. Ceteris animalibus] Ovid contrasts man with the other animals in similar language, Metam. i. 84: Pronaque cum spectent animalia caetera terram Sil. Ital. xv. 84: Nonne vides hominum ut celsos ad sidera vultus Cum pecudes volucrumque genus formasque ferarum Compare Persius, Sat. ii. 61: O curvae in terras animae et coelestium inanes. Varro: Fabre compactum animal hominem quis ferat sic pecuatim ire? Seneca: Nemo usque adeo tardus et hebes et demissus in terram est, ut ad divina non erigatur. Juvenal, xv. 147. of animals, prona et terram spectantia. 4. Transeant] "Pass through life:" passively, as opposed to agant vitam, "transact, do the business of life." Seneca, Epist. 93. hoc a me exigo ne velut per tenebras aevum emetiar; ut agam vitam, non ut praetervehar. De Prov. 4. transisti sine adversario vitam. Pers. Sat. v. 60: Tum crassos transisse dies, lucemque palustrem, 5. Ventri obedientia] Aurel. Victor, of the Emperor Claudius, ventri foede obediens: venter, the natural appetites. Persius, Prol. in Sat. 12. Magister artis ingenique largitor Venter. 6. Animi imperio] the ruler of the body. animus imperat corpori. The soul is commonly represented as Comp. Cic. de Rep. iii. Deus homini, Senec. Nat. Quaest. vii. 24. habere nos animum cujus imperio et impellimur et revocamur. Epist. 114. rex noster est animus. Claudian, iv. Cons. Hon. 234; hanc alta capitis fundavit in arce Mandatricem operum, prospecturamque labori. 7. Utimur] Uti generally in a good sense, to employ to a good purpose, to enjoy the use of. Here the verb belongs strictly to imperio only, but governs servitio also indirectly by the figure zeugma: i.e. "we enjoy the government of the soul, but suffer the servitude of the body." Comp. Lucan, ii. 131: Ille fuit vitae Mario modus, omnia passo Quae pejor fortuna potest, atque omnibus uso 8. Quo mihi rectius videtur] "Wherefore it seems to me the more right." Or more exactly, "so much the more right does it seem to me.' "" Comp. eo profusius, c. 13. 9. Ingenii] Varro, contemporary with Sallust, introduced the double ii in these genitives. Later writers, imitating ancient spelling, frequently resorted to the single i. Hence the MSS. fluctuate. See Spengel on Varro, de Lingua Lat. p. 10. In this edition the double ii is preserved throughout, as the usual form. 10. Opibus] "Resources." Vires semper apud Sall. sunt corporis vires. Dietsch. 11. Maxime] Caesar wrote maximus, optimus. Quintil. Inst. i. 7. Before him the u was commonly written, but not always: maximos is found in the inscription of the Duilian column. In this edition the form in i is retained. 12. Nam divitiarum] Compare Sallust, Jugur. 2. igitur praeclara facies, magnae divitiae, ad hoc vis corporis et alia hujusmodi omnia alicui dilabuntur; at ingenii egregia facinora, sicuti anima, immortalia sunt. Cf. Tac. Agric. 46. 13. Fluxa] "Fleeting," "fading;" fluidus, that which fleets or flows naturally; fluxus, that which becomes so by corruption or degeneracy, therefore generally of artificial things: but this distinction is not uniformly preserved. Here translate "fading," or "evanescent," as opposed to clara. "Beauty fades and decays, virtue shines and endures." 14. Habetur] Not "is esteemed," as implying men's opinion of it, but in its more proper sense: "virtue is a noble and eternal possession." So again Catil. 58. audacia pro muro habetur. Sallust often gives this force to the active also, as Jugur. 94. toto die intentos praelio Numidas habuerat. Dietsch. 15. Inter mortales] More emphatic, as being more universal, than homines; as we say mankind for men. Comp. A. Gellius, xiii. 28. who gives a whole chapter to the consideration of these words, taking for his text an expression of the old writer Claudius Quadrigarius; concione dimissa Metellus in Capitolium venit cum mortalibus multis; inde domum proficiscitur; tota civitas eum reduxit. 16. Procederet] "Advanced, succeeded;" procedere, i. q. ex voto evenire. Comp. Liv. i. 57. ubi id parum processit. ii. 44. velut processisset Sp. Licinio. Of persons, as Terent. Adelph. v. 9. 22. processisti hodie pulchre. Plaut. Trucul. ii. 6. 35. tu recte provenisti. Another sense of the word is "to march," "walk in a solemn or measured step." Terent. Andr. i. 1. 100. funus procedit. Lucan, speaking of the conquering progress of the Roman republic, vii. 422. Te geminum Titan procedere vidit in axem. Incedere has the sense, Virg. Aen. i. 50. quae Divum incedo regina. 17. Mature facto opus est] ""Twere well it were done quickly." Maturus and mora opposed, Ovid, Metam. xiii. 300, Si mora pro culpa est, ego sum maturior illo. 18. Alterum alterius auxilio eget] Horat. alterius sic Altera poscit opem res. Indigens...eget. This tautology has given offence: many editions read veget, but without authority. Indigens may be taken absolutely for mancum, debile. CHAPTER II, 1. Igitur] This particle is placed first in a sentence by Sallust, except in interrogation, but generally later by Cicero and subsequent writers. Sallust is said to use it seventy five times, itaque seventy seven, and ergo four times only. Dietsch, 2. Initio] Comp. Cic. de Leg. iii. omnes antiquae gentes regibus quondam paruerunt. 3. Reges diversi] i. e. in contrarium abeuntes, "taking opposite courses.' 4. Etiam tum] "Still;" "in those times men still lived without ambition." 5. Periculo atque negotiis] Some explain periculo i. q. experimento, experiendo. Others explain the phrase by the fig. hendiadys, for periculosis negotiis. Rather, periculo, “danger;' negotiis, "grave and difficult affairs;" therefore, "dangers and troubles." 6. Quodsi] Quod is not pronominal (i. q. propter quod), but merely marks a transition, "but:" quodsi, in conjunction, "but if." 7. Animi virtus] "The courage of kings and captains." 8. Artibus] i. q. studiis, "means," "methods," or "habits of acting," or i. q. moribus, "dispositions." The word is commonly used by Sallust in these senses. Comp. Catil. 3. insolens malarum artium: Jugur. 82. vir egregius in aliis artibus. 9. Invasere] Absolute; as Catil. 10. Jugur. 41. Liv. v. 13. dulcedo invasit plebeios creandi. 10. Quae homines etc.] scil. omnia quae homines faciunt arando, navigando, aedificando, "men's ploughing, sailing, building," parent, i. q. ex virtute pendent, "all depend upon the exercise of their energies, moral and physical." Comp. Hor. Sat. ii. 3. 94. omnis enim res Virtus, fama, decus, divina humanaque pulcris Divitiis parent. 11. Transegere] Or transiere, for which there is also good authority, and which seems to consort better with peregrinantes. 12. Contra naturam] "The reverse of what nature intended." 13. Juxta aestimo] "I value both alike," i. e. "as equally despicable." For juxta in the sense of equality, comp. Sallust, Catil. 37. 51. 61. Jugur. 85. 88. Generally of two things connected with the copula; but otherwise Catil. 58. 14. Verum enim vero] More forcible than the simple verum: frequent in Livy and Sallust, more rare in Cicero. Ruhnken, Dictata in Terent. Adelph. ii. 3. 2. 15. Is demum] "He of all men." Comp. Catil. 20. idem velle atque idem nolle ea demum firma amicitia est. 16. Aliquo...intentus] Not "intent upon," which would |