In addition to these forms, which must be filed in every case of compensable injury, the Commission requires the filing of a variety of additional forms and reports of medical examinations and makes personal investigations in special cases.

The forms are edited and the more important data transferred to punch cards. These cards show the name of the bureau or establishment in which the person injured was employed; the case number, age, sex, marital condition, and wages of the injured employee; the date of injury, its location, nature, extent, cause, and duration; the amount of leave consumed; the amount of the award, or the reasons for disapproving award; the date of the medical payment, the name1 of the doctor and the name of the hospital; the date and cause of death; the amount of pension and its estimated valuation; the name, sex, age, and relationship of each dependent, and the share of the total compensation allotted to each. The cards are mechanically sorted and the results mechanically tabulated. The cards also serve as an index to cases and are frequently used in comparative studies of special questions which arise.

The accident statistics are analyzed by department or industry, by the extent of disability, by cause of accident, and by nature and location of injury, and are so presented as to show the correlations between these and other sets of facts.

STATISTICS INTENDED PRIMARILY FOR ADMINISTRATIVE PURPOSES.

The total number of injuries reported and of claims filed from the enactment of the law to the end of the year of the report is shown by months.

Of this total, the number upon which awards, apparently closed, had been made during the year of the report, are classified by departments, bureaus, or establishments according to the extent of disability-death, permanent total disability, permanent partial disability, and temporary total disability. Under each head are shown the number of cases resulting in, or from, infection.

For each of the four groups of accidents certain detailed information is shown in separate tables, classified by departments, bureaus, or establishments.

Under deaths are shown the number with and without dependents; the total monthly compensation, and its estimated valuation; the

1 Identification number.

3

2 This group, which is subdivided according to the duration of disability, also includes cases of temporary partial disability.

In computing the present values of awards only the probability of dying is taken into consideration as required by law. Remarriage, cessation of dependency, and increase of compensation of children upon the death or remarriage of mother, as factors, are ignored.

number of burials, and the amount of award therefor; the number of cases with medical payments, transportation, etc., the amount of compensation before death, and the amount of awards; and the total

cost.

Under permanent total disabilities are shown: the age, occupation, and monthly wage of each disabled employee; the date and cause of each injury; the nature of the disability; the medical expenses, the monthly compensation, the compensation paid to the end of the year of the report, and the estimated valuation, in each case.

Permanent partial disabilities are divided into two groups-dismemberments and loss of function; and each of these groups is further subdivided into compensated cases and noncompensated cases. Under compensated cases are shown the number of cases, the average duration of disability, the aggregate amount of all awards, and the average amount of award. Noncompensated cases are classified according to the reasons for failure to get compensation, namely, period of disability covered by leave, no claim filed, period of disability less than three days (the waiting period), or no time lost; and under each of these headings are shown the number of cases, and, wherever practicable, the duration of disability in days.

Temporary total disabilities are subdivided into two groups: compensated cases and noncompensated cases. Under each of these the same information is shown as under the corresponding groups of permanent partial disabilities, described above, except that in the case of temporary disabilities, the number of days of leave consumed is segregated from the duration of the disabilities.

All these detailed analyses of accidents according to extent of disability are shown for each department, bureau, or establishment.

Other information presented in the same manner consists of: a comparison of wage loss and compensation paid, an analysis of the results obtained in handling third party cases,1 and an analysis of medical payments from the funds of the Commission.

The comparison of wage loss and compensation paid is designed to show the relation of the maximum and minimum payments allowed under the schedule of compensation to the wage loss due to the injury. This table is based on cases of temporary total disability only. The more important items shown in the analysis of third party cases 3-fatal and nonfatal-are the number of such cases, the compensation awarded by the Commission and the medical expenses paid, the number of cases in which recoveries were made, and the amounts recovered.

1 See page 348.

See page 347.

These include all cases in which it has been established that there is an apparent liability of some person other than the United States to pay damages.

Medical payments from the funds of the Commission1 are distributed according to the nature of the services rendered-ambulance, appliances, etc.-for the year of the report. They are also distributed in other tables according to the extent of disability (but not by departments) for the year of the report and for the period from September 7, 1916, to the end of the year of the report, in order to give a basis for the computation of cost rates.

The statistics heretofore described are intended primarily for administrative purposes, and are shown, usually for each department, bureau, or establishment of the Government. In addition to these the report contains statistical tables which are useful primarily for accident prevention and for actuarial and miscellaneous purposes.

STATISTICS INTENDED PRIMARILY FOR GUIDANCE IN ACCIDENT PREVENTION.

The causes, that is, the proximate or immediate causes of injuries are analyzed by extent of disability—death, permanent total disability, permanent partial disability, or temporary total disability— under the following main headings:

1. Machinery.

2. Vehicles (not including construction of).

3. Explosions, electricity, fires, hot, poisonous, and corrosive substances, and occupational diseases.

4. Falls (of persons).

5. Stepping on or striking against objects.

6. Falling objects-not being handled by injured.

7. Handling of objects.

8. Hand tools.

9. Animals.

10. Miscellaneous.

Under each of these main headings many subdivisions are listed, the total number of all listed causes being about 500.

The nature of injury is shown under the following ten headings:

1. Bruises, contusions, and abrasions.

2. Burns and scalds.

3. Concussions.

4. Cuts and lacerations.

5. Amputations (traumatic).

6. Dislocations.

7. Fractures.

8. Punctures.

9. Sprains and strains.

10. Miscellaneous.

1 It should be noted that these payments do not include the cost of all medical treatment furnished under the Compensation Act, since a large part of such treatment, as required by law, is furnished by Government medical officers and in Government hospitals where the expense is borne by that department of the Government which supports the medical service rendering aid.

Cases falling under each of these headings are classified according to the extent of the resulting disability-temporary total and permanent partial-and according to the member or part of the body affected—eye, ear, hand, abdominal wall, etc. Cases are further classified as compensated cases and all cases; and the average duration (in days) is shown for each. For compensated cases there is also shown the average award. Cases in which infection occurred are distinguished from all other cases, and the average duration and average award are also shown for such cases.

The location of injury is shown under common anatomical divisions, beginning with the head and ending with the feet, and is designated by popular rather than technical medical terms. The location of injury is shown in cases of permanent partial disability only, under the headings of dismemberments (including surgical amputations), and loss of function. The period covered is from September 7, 1916, to the end of the year of the report. For each member or part of the body listed, there are shown: the number of cases with injuries to such member; the number of cases due to, or resulting from, infection; the average duration1 in days; the total award (indicating the amount paid in lump-sum settlements); the average award (all cases); the average award in cases of infection; the wage loss (all cases); the number of noncompensated cases.

STATISTICS INTENDED PRIMARILY FOR ACTUARIAL AND MISCELLANEOUS PURPOSES.

The table which is carried primarily for actuarial purposes, and which is essential for the comparison of compensation experience, gives the frequency of the various classes of accidents-fatalities, dismemberments, permanent total disabilities, permanent partial disabilities (other than dismemberments), and temporary disabilities. For comparative purposes, the absolute frequencies are reduced to frequencies per 100,000 cases, and are shown for the period from September 7, 1916, to the beginning of the year of the report, for the year of the report, and for the cumulative experience of the Commission. Dismemberments and permanent partial disabilities (other than dismemberments) are classified according to the member of the body or function affected. Temporary disabilities are distributed according to duration of the disability.

Other tables under this heading present a summary of awards made during the year on account of death by relationship of de

Duration in this table includes partial disability, if any, as well as total disability, partial disability days having been reduced to equivalent days of total disability.

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pendents;1 show the distribution, by age, of the number of widows (with children and without children) to whom compensation was awarded since the enactment of the compensation law; analyze, by age, the cause of the cessation of dependency of widows-remarriage or death; classify the number of remarriages according to the time that elapsed from the death of the husband to the remarriage of the widow; and give the rates of remarriage for widows by age of widow.

CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION.

The United States Civil Service Commission was established by the Act of January 16, 1883, entitled An Act to regulate and improve the civil service of the United States. Section 2 of the Act provided that the duties of the Commission should be to aid the President in preparing suitable rules for carrying the Act into effect, and to hold open competitive examinations for testing the fitness of applicants for the classified service. It further provided that appointments to the public service in Washington should "be apportioned among the several States and Territories and the District of Columbia upon the basis of population as ascertained at the last preceding census." The Act also provided that the Commission "shall make an annual report to the President for transmission to Congress, showing its own action, the rules and regulations and the exceptions thereto in force, the practical effects thereof, and any suggestions it may approve for the more effectual accomplishment of the purposes of this act."

Statistical Statements.

The statistics compiled by the Civil Service Commission and published in its annual reports relate to the work of the Commission in the examination and certification of applicants for appointment.

The fundamental table of the report shows, by sex and kind of examination, for the classified and the unclassified service, the number examined, the number passed, the number appointed in the departmental service, and the number appointed in the field service, during the year of report. For comparative purposes there are also shown (in another table) for each year since the organization of the Commission, the approximate number of classified competitive positions, the number of persons examined, the number passed, the num

1 The classes listed are: widows; children (sons and daughters under 18 years of age); dependents over 18 years of age and incapable of self-support; mothers; fathers; sisters; brothers; grandparents; and grandchildren.