owner, to find him more easily dealt with in his inebriety. He succeeded only in rendering him utterly impracticable. His horse rose above all price, and he resented as an insult the very proposal of the other to buy it. The self-esteeming individual uses the capital I, with me, mine, myself, and other correlatives, with great emphasis and abundance, both in discourse and writing. There is a joke against an author of this stamp, that, during the printing of a work of his, the press was stopped till the printer could get a fresh stock of capital I's. Cobbett was an example; his Self-Esteem and Combativeness led him to dogmatise quite as confidently every time-and the times were many that he changed his opinions, as he had done before the change. All patronisers are self-esteeming and benevolent men. You will know them by such modes of address as "My good sir"-" My good fellow"" Mark my words" "That's my maxim," &c. Mr Scott contributed an amusing paper to the Phrenological Journal (vol. i. p. 378), of great value, in which he shows the effects of Self-Esteem in combination with various other faculties. A small endowment of this faculty is exceedingly rare. A large endowment leads to a wish for selfish and exclusive pleasure. This feeling will be observed in children who value some indulgence the more that their brothers and sisters are not to share in it. Proper training would prevent this paltry and most unamiable manifestation; and likewise lead perhaps to less of that modification of selfishness seen in adults in the ambition of possessing uniques. Such persons have been known to purchase a duplicate, if they heard of the existence of one, in order to destroy it, and then boast of being the sole possessor of the article in the world. Parks and palaces are kept shut against the public by the same pitiful spirit. SelfEsteem gives love of power and dislike of power in others. Hence the notorious fact, that many violent republicans have become, when invested with power, the greatest tyrants. A due proportion of the feeling, however, is essential to independence in a people. The English have it large.* We cannot conclude our observations on this faculty, without adding that it is usually an element in religious intolerance. Cowper in one of his letters says, "There is no grace which the spirit of self can counterfeit with more success than a religious zeal. A man thinks he is fighting for Christ, while he is only fighting skilfully for his own notions. He thinks that he searching the hearts of others, when he is only gratifying the malignity of his own; and charitably supposes his hearers destitute of all grace, that he may shine the more in his own eyes by comparison. When he has performed this notable task, he wonders that they are not converted: he has given it them soundly; and if they do not tremble, and confess that God is in him of a truth, he gives them up as reprobate, incorrigible, and lost for ever." This is a mirror for too many. The organ is established. No. 11.-Love of Approbation. This organ is situated on each side close to SelfEsteem, and commences about half an inch from the It gives, when large, a marked lambdoidal suture. fullness to the upper part of the back of the head. It cannot be shown in outline like the previous organ of Self-Esteem, which, when large, with Love of Approbation moderate, gives a conical shape to the top of the back of the head. Dr Gall discovered the organ in an insane woman, who imagined herself Queen of France. He looked for the organ of Self-Esteem, of course, and was much perplexed to find a hollow where its prominence should have been, but, at the same time, a marked rising on both sides of that hollow. The queen's manifestations soon explained to him the difficulty. There was no calm, grave, arrogant, imperiousness in her, as in the kings and queens of Self-Esteem. She was restlessly vain of her rank; talked of it in the most frivolous and affected way; and promised favours and honours to all with whom she conversed. She was a vain, not a proud, queen. From that time, Dr Gail perceived the difference between Self-Esteem and Love of Approbation. "The proud man," says he, "is imSelf-Esteem has a marked natural language. When bued with a sentiment of his own superior merit, and, powerful, the head is carried high, and reclining back- from the summit of his grandeur, treats with contempt wards, an attitude well known to stage kings and or indifference all other mortals. The vain man attaches lords. The manner is cold, haughty, and repulsive; the utmost importance to the opinions entertained of and two self-esteeming persons meeting, repel each him by others, and seeks with eagerness to gain their other like the contrary poles of magnets. Dr Reid and approbation. The proud man expects that mankind Mr Stewart acknowledge this sentiment, under the name will come to him and acknowledge his merit; of the Desire of Power. Dr Thomas Brown calls it man knocks at every door to draw attention towards Pride. It is evident that these are narrow and partial him, and supplicates for the smallest portion of honour. views of the feeling-one or two only of its manifes- The proud man despises these marks of distinction, tations; phrenology alone has brought out all its phases. which, on the vain, confer the most perfect delight. The organ and feeling are apparently possessed by some The proud man is disgusted with indiscreet eulogiums of the inferior animals, such as the turkey-cock, pea- the vain man inhales with ecstacy the incense of that cock, horse, &c. Lord Kames observed that the mastery, although profusely offered, and by no very skilful ter-ox" must have the lead, else he will not work. A hand." stall. the rain cow of a herd refused to enter the cowhouse, if the Dr Gall named this faculty Vanity, from one of its others went in first; when this happened, they were abuses, as he named Self-Esteem Pride. Dr Spurturned out, and she then walked in and occupied her heim elucidated the ultimate functions more satisfac torily. It is the desire of approbation, admiration, Self-Esteem is found insane perhaps more than any praise, and fame. Its legitimate function is regard other faculty, and then shows itself in extravagant to reputation and character, and it gives the morals notions of self-importance. Such maniacs are kings, ment of shame. It is an excellent guard upon morals as well as manners. The loss of character, to those such patients: one man under his care be- largely endowed with this feeling, is worse than death. lieved himself to be the Prophet Mahomet, and moved If the moral sentiments be strong, this sentiment wil about with the most dignified majesty. When cannons desire honest fame, and in the line, too, of the por In the vailing faculties-as poet, painter, orator, warrior, great Hospital of St George's Fields, there were at one statesman. The love of glory is a passion with many and the same time several George the Fourths. The and has deluged the world with blood in all ages organ is generally larger in men than in women; and The decorations, orders, stars, garters, of civilisation, emperors, and even the Supreme Being. Pinel mentions many fired, he believed it was on his own account. more men are insane from pride than women. and the tatooing, nose-boring, and pluming, of savage life, all spring from Love of Approbation. Weasel propensities predominate, the vain man will be pleas to be thought the best fighter or greatest drinker among be roused to repel and spurn all such acts in others. These his acquaintance. A due endowment of this faculty is degrees, therefore, seem to call for a distinction between an offen-essential to an amiable character. "It gives," says Mr sive and defensive Self-Esteem. Phrenology alone affords a key Combe, "the desire to be agreeable to others; it is the * It thus happens that Self-Esteem is the natural defence ngainst the aggressive operation of the suns face natural defence proper endowment of it never acts on the offensive; but it can to character thus discriminating. | drill-sergeant of society, and admonishes us when we deviate too widely from the line of march of our fellows; it induces us to suppress numberless little manifestations of selfishness, and to restrain many peculiarities of temper and disposition, from the dread of incurring disapprobation by giving offence; it is the butt upon which wit strikes, when, by means of ridicule, it drives us from our follies." What the world will think and say, is uppermost in the mind when Love of Approbation is too strong. A youth in whom it is powerful, cannot do this thing or the other, because every body will look at him, or wonder at him. The young are extremely sensitive on this point, especially in relation to those of their own age. The admonitions of the parent or teacher are nothing with them, in comparison with the jeering of their companions. Ridicule is intolerable to a large Love of Approbation at any age. Hence the poet's thought, "the world's dread laugh which scarce the stern philosopher can scorn." Combined with Self-Esteem, it creates the impression that the world are all busy thinking of us, instead of themselves; which last is the truth. This excess of the feeling subverts all independence. The opinion of others is the unhappy individual's rule of morals, taste, reli-vernment of the feeling; he cares not for the opinion of gion, even philosophy. As this faculty, and that of Self-Esteem in abuse, are the cause of much evil, both to the individual and others, Education ought to moderate their activity. Under the new system this is attended to; but under the old the competition of pride and vanity, in places and school honours, is still the grand stimulus, to the injury of the character of the young for life.* hearted, selfish, ingratitude. With a good endowment of regulating moral feelings and intellect, turned into their right channel by proper character-improving education, this paltry conduct would be of much more rare occurrence. The vain talk of themselves, their affairs, and connexions, and much afflict their auditors by so doing. Education would moderate this variety of bad taste. The same weakness leads the vain to be impatient of the appearance of neglect or forgetfulness of themselves in company, and to resort to many artifices to attract attention. Dr Johnson noticed this small ambition in Goldsmith, who, he said, often began to talk lest his presence should be forgotten. Vain children force themselves into notice in the same way; a teacup has been purposely broken to this end. Extravagances, and even crimes, have been committed for mere notoriety. In these extreme cases the organ is diseased. The incendiaries of the Temple of Ephesus and York-Minster, and the lunatic Oxford, who fired on the queen, furnish examples. Shamelessness is the effect of the want of this faculty, often observed in criminals. It is a great defect in character; the individual is beyond the salutary goothers, and laughs equally at their censure or approbation. The educator finds this negation very difficult to deal with, inasmuch as one engine, with which he might otherwise legitimately work, is useless to him. His pupil will not draw by Love of Approbation. This defect aids the impudent, who have a purpose to serve. Their importunity is often boundless and untiring. No repulses affect them, no indignities touch them, so long The faculty, unless kept in subordination by a very as absolute personal violence is not applied to their large and vigilant Conscientiousness, prompts to all the intrusions. The blush is the natural language of conventional insincerities and flatteries of society, from shame-one of the feelings of powerful and sensitive the dread that the truth will offend Self-Esteem, and Love of Approbation. The organ is oftener found draw down on the teller of it disapprobation. When insane in women than in men, as in women it is more Secretiveness is large and Conscientiousness small, Love active than in the other sex generally. The patients of Approbation is profuse in the unmeaning compliments whose Love of Approbation is diseased, are not solemn, of society. These compliments many people scorn only haughty, and irascible, like the monarchs of Selfwhen applied to others, but take them more compla-Esteem. They are generally in a bustle of display, cently when addressed to themselves; their Self-Esteem overpowering the listener with details of their merits, supporting them, and persuading them that these comtheir talents, their works, and even their beauty. They pliments have a meaning, and value too, when they are are decked out, without regard to taste or sense, in the objects of them. It is held to be Love of Appro- colours, flowers, feathers, ribbons, crosses, and orders; bation which prompts to the equivocation of "not at their rooms are decorated with trophies and all sorts home," when the person does not wish to admit visiters. of imaginary proofs of their own transcendent merit, The faculty of Conscientiousness would desire that worth, fame, and glory. Prompted by Acquisitivethe plain fact should be stated; but Love of Appro- ness large, the subject of their boast is the fancied bation produces an instinctive feeling that the Self-possession of wealth that has no bounds; and if to Esteem of the person calling will be offended, if any this combination be added Benevolence, cheques on engagement can render it inconvenient to see him. To their bankers for immense sums are freely given to save this pang, Love of Approbation and Secretive- strangers who visit them. As Dr Gall well observed, ess resort to the invention of this little equivoque. pride and vanity are never better distinguished than The deceit is seen through by all; and, neverthe- when manifested uncontrolled by the insane. less, the use of it is more pleasing to persons in whorn Love of Approbation and Self-Esteem are very large, than the announcement of the simple truth." Much of the acutest suffering of life consists in nothing else but wounded Love of Approbation, when the feeling is powerful. The rivalries of rank, wealth, and fashion, commence with school boys and girls. The youngest creatures will, unchecked by delicacy, trast of the importance, in these particulars, of their parents, and vilify their companions, to the intense suffering of the latter, who have not arrived at sufficient reflection and force of character to disregard such taunts. Successful rivalry wounds the feeling both in the young and in the old; equipage, dress, attendance, when superior in others, these being acquaintances, or who have been equals, are all tormenting distinctions to Love of Approbation. Refusing to acknowledge, or shunning, well-known acquaintances, when the vain happen to be in what they consider higher or more fashionable company, is a very usual abuse of the feeling. This is not only a pitiful weakness, and confession of want of personal merit, but not seldom an act of cold Simpson's Philosophy of Education, Second Edition, p. 108; and Phrenological Journal, vol. v. p. 613, and x. p. 9. The organ and faculty are observed in some of the lower animals-dogs, horses, monkeys, and others. It is established. No. 12.-Cautiousness. When The organ of this faculty is situated about the middle of the parietal bone on both sides. Dr Gall discovered it by first observing the prominence large in two individuals, who positively harassed him with their doubts, fears, hesitations, and precautions. he observed this cerebral mark for the peculiarity, he confirmed it by numberless subsequent observations. Dr Gall's two first subjects of observation were a prelate and a councillor of the regency, in Vienna. The first, through fear of compromising himself, overlaid his discourse with never-ending qualifications and cautions, spoken with great slowness. A conversation with him was interminable; he stopped in his sentences, and cautiously recurred to the point where he began, to be assured that all was right before proceeding farther. He was always amending what he had said. His preparations were careful and cautious, in the most insignificant matters, and his examinations and calculations most rigorous. The councillor, again, from his marked irresolution, was nicknamed Cacadubio. Sitting behind both of these individuals, on a public occa- | said to have revolutionised the whole science and prac sion, Dr Gall had an opportunity of comparing their tice of that interesting field of medicine, will serve the heads, and observed their agreement in the protube- twofold purpose of showing in what manner Cautiousrances since called the organs of Cautiousness. The ness becomes diseased, and likewise how clearly and intellectual powers and dispositions of these two men intelligibly the phrenologist treats the subject of that were different in all other respects; but in Cautious- disease of brain called insanity. "Among the fune ness and its external development they closely re- tional causes of cerebral disease and mental derange sembled each other. No organ is more easily observed ment, the over-activity of Cautiousness-an organ se than Cautiousness. It is evident to the eye as well as cond in size to none-stands pre-eminent. Under the the hand, and there is none of which the concomitant present selfish system of society, there is perhaps no mental feeling may be predicted with more confidence. faculty which is called so often, so powerfully, and so Mr Combe thinks that fear is the fundamental feel-permanently into action; and the natural result is, ing of this faculty. We doubt this. Fear is a disagree- that none is so frequently the source of nervous dis able affection of the faculty, for it is one of its feelings, ease. In times of public distress, the victims whose and we are disposed to think that the disagreeable or health it destroys, whom it deprives of reason, and painful is not the root of any of our faculties. We are throws into the cells of an asylum, are incalculably not necessarily conscious of the feeling of fear while we numerous. Timidity, apprehension, fear, despondency, are taking the most circumspect precautions for our and despair, are the different degrees of intensity of safety, and it is just when we have taken these precau- the same feeling of Cautiousness gradually roused to a tions that fear is excluded. In our opinion, Cautious- higher and higher degree, till the health of the cerebral ness expresses the feeling better than Fear. The words organ at last gives way, and the most sombre melanforesight or circumspection are too intellectual for it; choly ensues. The wide prevalence of hypochondriacal for it does not foresee or look around; it merely feels affections, which embitter existence by the gloomy deblindly, and stimulates the intellect to take the means pression to which they give rise, and which I have of ensuring safety: its motto is, "Take care." It is an elsewhere shown to have for a common feature a important element in prudence, which places the indi- morbidly active Cautiousness, is another and a very vidual on his guard, and warns him not to be rash in his convincing proof of the influence of excitement of func moral as well as his physical movements. In general, tion in inducing cerebral disease. In the greater num the orgau is large in children, a wise and beneficent ber of such cases, it is easy to trace their origin to real provision for their protection. Children who are defi- or fictitious causes of anxiety about the health of cient in the organ are in constant mishaps and accidents; friends, the success or failure of schemes of advancetwenty keepers will not supply to them the place of the ment, the fluctuations of trade, and many other instinctive protection of Cautiousness. Mr Combe men- grounds, all directly addressed to the faculty of Can tions a boy of six years of age, in whom the organ was tiousness." Dr Combe here mentions two instances, very small, who took off his clothes to plunge into the one of which ended in suicide, and proceeds-" The deep water of an old quarry, into which the wind had effect of fear, or sudden and violent excitement of Car blown his cap. A child with a large Cautiousness is com- tiousness, in producing mental derangement, and all paratively safe; much more so than any degree of care sorts of nervous disease, is well known. I have already by others would render him. We have seen this organ so quoted an instance from Boerhaave, in which a fright large on both sides as to deform the head, and give, by from thunder rendered a lady insane, and also of a girl contrast, to the fore part a great narrowness, especially in in the Hotel-Dieu at Paris, who was frightened by a children. Mothers are often alarmed with this appear- soldier with a drawn sword. Pinel received three ance, seeing that water in the head often shows itself in young women into the hospital; one deranged from this region. But there is also a natural and healthy de- seeing a ghost clothed in white, by which some young velopment of the organ when extraordinarily large. The men wished to frighten her; the second, from a tre symptoms of a very large endowment will be great timi- mendous clap of thunder which terrified her; and the dity, fears, and even imaginary terrors, especially in third, from horror at finding herself in a house of bad dreams; but the existence of these would argue that the character, into which she had been unconsciously de substance itself of the brain is large, and not merely ex- coyed. In the two first, and partly in the third als tended by hydrocephalous affection, in which last case the disease was evidently induced by the organ of there could be no increase of the power of manifesta- Cautiousness roused to an inordinate degree, produc tion in the organ, but the contrary. No feeling is more ing general disordered action in the brain. The story rapidly and extensively communicated by sympathy of the parrot which was driven mad by the noise of the than fear; it is well known to run through and infect great guns during a naval action, and ever afterwards a whole army; in such cases, it has the name of panic. could emit no sound but one imitative of the report It is therefore of vital importance, and a chief object of a cannon, is an instance of similar functional exerte an officer's attention in battle, to prevent even the com- ment.' Practical jokes, intended to frighten, have often mencement of a feeling of fear, by checking all outward fearfully overshot their aim, and produced insanity. manifestations of it, and setting an example of coolness A knowledge of this ought to put an end to them. and courage to the soldiers under his command. In Lord Kames is the only metaphysician who recognised the history of war, there are instances of panic affect-fear as a primitive faculty of the mind. Nations are ing both the contending armies at the same time, when they have turned their backs upon each other and fled in opposite directions from the field. The organ is often diseased, and then produces causeless dread of evil, despondency, and often suicide. In the heads of suicides the organ is invariably large, and Hope deficient, Destructiveness also being of course large. Persons with the organ diseased will often shrink as if the house were about to fall over them, or a bridge under them. Those who do not distinguish feeling from thinking, imagine that such persons may be reasoned into a dismissal of their fears, on being shown that they are groundless; but if, as is demonstrable, the feeling results from a portion of brain being positively diseased, it would be as rational to attempt to reason a person out of the pain he suffers from a bodily wound or sore. A brief extract from Dr Andrew e's admirable work on Insanity, which may be characterised by different degrees of this organ. The German head, including the English and Scotch, has it larger than the Celtic, including the native Irish, and also than the French. It is smaller, too, in the Turkish head than in the European. It is very large in many savages, and in the Hindoos and Cingalese. See fig. 10. It is small in fig. 9. The organ is held established. The exposition of the subject of phrenology requires two of our numbers, and we consider this a suitabe place to conclude the first, having just brought to a close our account of the affective faculties common to man and the inferior animals. Our next number wil commence with an analysis of the SUPERIOR SENTIMENTS PROPER TO MAN. Printed and published by W. and R. CHAMBERS, Edinburg sold also by W. S. Orr and Co., London. CHAMBERS'S INFORMATION FOR THE PEOPLE. CONDUCTED BY WILLIAM AND ROBERT CHAMBERS, EDITORS OF CHAMBERS'S 11. SUPERIOR SENTIMENTS, PROPER TO MAN. We have hitherto considered the faculties which phrenologists describe as common to man and the lower animals; we are now to treat of those superior sentiments which they consider as peculiar to man. The organs of these sentiments lie in the superior region of the brain. That they are all of them entirely wanting in animals, is an opinion which the phrenologists will yet, probably, have to reconsider; but we deem it best, in the mean time, to follow the generally received view. It may only be remarked, that, while the convolations of the brain which form Veneration, Conscientiousness, and Hope, are not found in animals, traces of the convolutions forming Benevolence and Imitation do appear; and these two last are the powers of this class with which it seems most likely that ani mals are endowed. The organ No. 13.-Benevolence. of this sentiment is situated at the upper part of the frontal bone, immediately before the fontanel, in the middle of the top of the forehead, where it turns to form part of the top of the head, or coronal surface. It is easily distinguished; and when large (see fig. 15), gives a round elevated swell to that region. When the organ is small (fig. 16), the forehead or topfront is low, flat, and retreating. We cannot blame the PRICE 14d. kind," "and vaunteth not itself," from that which springs from Love of Approbation. Yet to this last selfish faculty, how often is it necessary to appeal when funds are wanted for benevolent purposes! Hence the published lists of subscribers' names; hence, too, the appeals to other selfish faculties by balls, plays, &c., for contributions to relieve suffering, as if it were to be charmed away by dancing and music. The Samaritan's conduct was pure benevolence. Addison pourtrayed the feeling well in Sir Roger de Coverley. All the phrenological books cite the case of Eustache, a St Domingo negro, who was so striking an example of this faculty in great power and activity, that he received the prize of virtue from the French Institute. The organ in him was so large as to give an uncommon height to the front of his head. The faculty, like sunshine, lights as well as warms the whole of social intercourse. Mr Combe well expresses this leavening influence. "It is a vulgar idea that this faculty cannot be manifested except in bestowing alms or money. It may be exerted in the domestic circle, in a thousand ways productive of advantage, without being accompanied by donation. It is benevolence to those with whom we live, to order our arrangements with a due regard to their comfort and happiness, and not to deny them proper gratifications; it is benevolence to suppress our own humours and tendencies when these would give unnecessary pain to others; to restrain SelfEsteem and Destructiveness in our commands; to be mild and merciful in our censures; to exert our influence and authority to promote the welfare of others and one of the most benevolent of all exercises is, to visit the poor and vicious when suffering and wretched, even with the view of administering only the pecuniary bounty of others. Benevolence is an essential element in true politeness." Those who have the organ small, are not on that account cruel; for cruelty is the result of a positive faculty, Destructiveness; they are merely indifferent to others' suffering, so that their Destructiveness meets with no unfortunate individual so organised, seeing that he check. Hare, the murderer, was an example. He did not make himself; but we are so constituted as required no effort, no drowning influence of liquor, as instinctively to shrink from him, as deficient in one of even the wretched Burke did, to steel him against the the chief ornaments of human nature the faculty of cries and struggles of his victims. See his head, fig. 4, kindness and brotherly love. Dr Gall discovered the contrasted with a benevolent development, fig. 3. Beorgan, and at the same time distinguished the faculty nevolence is the chief ground of an individual's popuas primitive, by observing in what region the heads of larity; when added to integrity and talent, it renders a several remarkably benevolent, disinterested, and ge- public man justly an idol; it is always the most promierous persons-whom, after suspecting the existence of nent inscription on his monument. The martial fame the faculty, he placed together agreed, however much of Henry IV. of France has descended in the mild comthey differed in other particulars. His subsequent ob-pany of the history of his benevolence; and his memory is yet, after nearly three centuries, dear to the French people. The air that bears his name is the first they call for in their theatres. Unregulated by Conscientiousness and Intellect, Benevolence degenerates into abuse, and becomes profusion and facility. Such an endowment gives indiscriminate alms, without reflecting that it is thereby probably encouraging fraud and crime. When Conscientiousness is weaker than Bene Fig. 15. 13 servations left no doubt on the matter. Fig. 16. a The faculty of Benevolence gives more than compassion for, and a desire to relieve, suffering; it gives wish that others should be positively happy; prompts to active, laborious, and continued exertions; and, unless Acquisitiveness be very large and powerful, to liberal giving to promote its favourite object. It differs essentially in its charity, "which suffereth long and is volence, we see the individual generous before he is just the basis of the feeling of loyalty: it is a main element -making expensive presents, and leaving his trades-in such political parties as the Jacobites of England and men unpaid. Benevolence often coexists with Destruc- the Carlists of France. We see it irrationally exertiveness, although this has been ignorantly denied as an cised in the savage, with regard to his idols of stone inconsistency in nature. How many individuals known and wood, and, in civilised society, with regard to the to us are at once kind-hearted and hasty and irascible! mere idea of rank unattended by worth. It is, on the Shakspere has often pourtrayed characters showing both other hand, rationally exercised with regard to persons the feelings in extreme endowment. Dr Currie, in his of real excellence, and those who have been invested life of Burns, says, "By nature kind, brave, sincere, with important functions for the benefit of society. It and in a singular degree compassionate, he was, on the is, indeed, at the root of all subordination, and even of other hand, proud, irascible, and vindictive." To ex- that courtesy which forms so important an element in plain this seeming incongruity, phrenology steps in, private life. Without this sentiment to make man look and shows that the two classes of manifestations up to man, a people would be like a rope of sand, and depend on two distinct faculties. The sword of jus- society could not exist. The democratic spirit, when tice is Destructiveness, coming in aid of Conscien- not entertained as a dogma in philosophical politics, tiousness and Benevolence. The knife of the surgeon depends expressly on a preponderance of Self-Esteem has a benevolent purpose. While Destructiveness over Veneration. There are many so constituted in arms the soldier, Benevolence provides the surgical this respect, that submission to authority of any kind staff that follows him to the field. Horses and dogs would be to them positively painful. "I am as good are known to be mild or vicious by the breadth and as he," is a formula of words in which such a nature roundness, or the narrowness and flatness of the region finds appropriate expression. The fact may be, that of their foreheads in the middle, a little way above the individual referred to is possessed of infinitely suthe eyes. In the inferior animals, Benevolence is little perior endowments, and has a high place in society, more than passive mildness, and is quite enough dis- which the other wants; but the defective Veneration tinguishable from the faculty as above described in does not allow of the difference being appreciated. man, to warrant the general position that Benevolence is peculiar to man. Mr Combe, however, mentions several examples of benevolence more positive in certain of the lower animals. The Scotch metaphysicians in general admit this faculty as primitive. Hobbes, who traced all our benevolent and just actions to selfish calculation, denies it. Phrenologists account for such a theory by concluding that the organs of Benevolence and Justice must have been small in Hobbes's own brain, so as never to have inspired him with their legitimate feelings. As already mentioned in the section on Destructiveness, Mr Robert Cox has shown, by a variety of facts and arguments, that when the other faculties are agreeably excited, Benevolence, as a feeling, is increased; while Destructiveness is excited by the disagreeable activity of the other faculties. Happiness, therefore, gives generosity and sweetness of temper, while misery gives sourness and irritability. From these principles important practical results are to be deduced. The organ is established. Veneration, having the Deity for its highest object, forms an element in the purest and most exalted religious feeling. But while there can be no perfectly pious man without it, we are bound to admit that individuals are often found, passing for very fair religious characters, in whom Veneration is by no means conspi cuous. Such show little reverence or care in the handling of divine things, and often address the Deity in their prayers in a style calculated to shock others by its familiarity. Some languages are said to be better adapted for addressing the Deity than others: the Gaelic of the Scottish Highlanders bears this reputa tion. Such a circumstance would seem to show that the people whose language that is, are nationally characterised by large Veneration. past, as hope is a love of or regard for the future. of Phrenologists trace to this faculty a love of antiqui ties, and a tendency to approve of every thing that is old. They ascribe to it the awe with which many visit ancient temples, cathedrals, and the sepulchres of the illustrious dead. It is said by them to delight in col lecting relics, and archaiological objects generally. They describe it as looking back to past times with The organ of this faculty occupies the centre of the regret that they are past, and as being the basis of the coronal region just at the fontanel-the centre of the often-exposed fallacy as to the wisdom of our ancestors top of the head. It was discovered by Dr Gall in the There is some reason, however, to conclude that these pious and devout; and is very obvious in the bald head manifestations, in some degree at least, belong to anof the monk of real sentiment and not of mere interest. other organ, for which a site has been assigned in a space The function of the faculty is the sentiment of venera- heretofore unmarked in the busts, and whose primitive tion, or deference in general for superiority, for great-function may be defined as a love of, or regard for the ness, and goodness. Its highest object is the Deity. It is remarkable in how many instances the painters of sacred subjects have given large development of this organ in the heads of their apostles and saints-no doubt, because the pious individuals whom they would naturally select as studies for such characters, possessed the organ large. Veneration has no special object: it finds appropriate exercise with regard to whatever is deemed superior. One man may venerate what another treats with indifference, because his understanding leads him to consider that particular object as superior, while his neighbour deems it upon his own level, or beneath it. But any man with a large endowment of the organ will have a tendency to consider things as superior: he will be naturally disposed to look up, and not to look down. Self-Esteem is a positive faculty opposite to Veneration. The one prompts to a regard for, and appreciation of, self; the other to a regard for, and appreciation of, others, or something above self. He in whom there is much Veneration, with a moderate or defective Self-Esteem, will always be disposed to think well of what other persons do, and to put himself under their guidance and advice, which he will scrupulously follow, although his own understanding might tod better courses. Veneration is So liable is the organ of Veneration to disease, that devotional exaltation is well known to be one of the most common forms of insanity. The religiously in sane abound in the asylums. Drs Gall and Spurzheim adduce many examples, and in all of them the organ Veneration was found large. Esquirol justly remarks, that, although a particular sermon is often blamed for deranging religiously the mind, yet it has that effect m consequence of a predisposition to the disease, and pro bably a pre-existence of it in the individual. No. 15.-Firmness. The organ of this faculty occupies the top of the head, behind Veneration, in the middle line. It is a faculty of peculiar character. Dr Gall held that it was neither an inclination nor a power, but a manière d'étre-mode of existing or being firm, resolute, and determined He who is deficient in the faculty, is the sport of cir cumstances and impressions. Dr Spurzheim says Firmness is apt to be mistaken for Will, because thos that have the organ large are prone to say, "I will," and "I wont," that being the natural language of termination; but the feeling is quite different from what is properly called the Will. It gives fortitude, coa that |