A. D

PAOR

Ambition of Caracalla, ................

211. Death of Severus, and Accession of his two Sons,
Jealousy and Hatred of the two Emperors,......

Fruitless Negotiation for dividing the Empire between them, .. 155

212. Murder of Geta,.

Remorse and Cruelty of Caracalla,.......

Death of Papinian, ..........

.....

213. His Tyranny extended over the whole Empire,....

Relaxation of Discipline,

217. Murder of Caracalla,..

Imitation of Alexander,..............................

Election and Character of Macrinus,...

Discontent of the Senate,......

Discontent of the Army,

Macrinus attempts a Reformation of the Army,...

Death of the Empress Julia,

171

171

Education, Pretensions, and Revolt of Elagabalus, called at

His Superstition,...

His profligate and effeminate Luxury,

Contempt of Decency, which distinguished the Roman Tyrants, 173

Discontents of the Army,......

222. Sedition of the Guards, and Murder of Elagabalus,.

Accession of Alexander Severus,....

.......

222-235. General Happiness of the Roman World,

Alexander refuses the Name of Antoninus,

He attempts to reform the Army,

......

Seditions of the Prætorian Guards, and Murder of Ulpian,

Defects of his Reign and Character,....

Digression on the Finances of the Empire,...

Establishment of the Tribute on Roman Citizens,

Abolition of the Tribute,

194

194

195

The Freedom of the City given to all Provincials for the Pur-

pose of Taxation,.....

Temporary Reduction of the Tribute,

Consequences of the universal Freedom of Rome,..

CHAPTER VII.

THE ELEVATION AND TYRANNY OF MAXIMIN. — REBELLION IN AFRICA

AND ITALY, under thE AUTHORITY OF THE SENATE. CIVIL WARS

AND SEDITIONS. — VIOLENT DEATHS OF MAXIMIN AND HIS SON, OP

MAXIMUS AND BALBINUS, AND OF THE THREE GORDIANS. — USURPA-

TION AND SECULAR GAMES OF PHILIP.

The apparent Ridicule and solid Advantages of hereditary Suc-

cession,.

Want of it in the Roman Empire productive of the greatest

Calamities,......

..........

Character and Elevation of the two Gordians,

They solicit the Confirmation of their Authority,.

The Senate ratifies the Election of the Gordians,

Declares Maximin a public Enemy,

Assumes the Command of Rome and Italy,

Prepares for a civil War,........

196

........

......

237. Defeat and Death of the two Gordians,...

Election of Maximus and Balbinus by the Senate,.

Their Characters,..

Tumult at Rome,....

The younger Gordian is declared Cæsar,

Maximin prepares to attack the Senate and their Emperors,

238. Marches into Italy,......

OP THE STATE OF PERSIA AFTER THE RESTORATION OF THE MONARCHY

BY ARTAXERXES.

The Barbarians of the East and of the North,.

Revolutions of Asia,

The Persian Monarchy restored by Artaxerxes,.......

Reformation of the Magian Religion,

......

Establishment of the Royal Authority in the Provinces,.

Extent and Population of Persia, ...................

Recapitulation of the War between the Parthian and Roman

237

239

230. Artaxerxes claims the Provinces of Asia, and declares War

THE STATE OF GERMANY TILL THE INVASION OF THE BARBARIANS, IN

THE TIME OF THE EMPEROR DECIUS.

The Germans ignorant of Letters,..

The Germans ignorant of Arts and Agriculture,

The Germans ignorant of the Use of Metals,.

Their Indolence,....

Their Taste for strong Liquors,.

Authority of the Princes and Magistrates,

More absolute over the Property than over the Persons of the

265

CHAPTER X.

TAB EMPERORS DECIUS, GALLUS, EMILIANUS, VALERIAN AND GALLIE-

NUS. — THE GENERAL IRRUPTION OF THE BARBARIANS. —THE THIR-

TY TYRANTS.

249. Services, Revolt, Victory, and Reign of the Emperor Decius,.. 280

250. He marches against the Goths,.......

Origin of the Goths from Scandinavia,

Religion of the Goths,

Institutions and Death of Odin,

........

.....

Agreeable, but uncertain, Hypothesis concerning Odin,

Emigration of the Goths from Scandinavia into Prussia,

Emigration from Prussia to the Ukraine,....

The Gothic Nation increases in its March,

Distinction of the Germans and Sarmatians,

Description of the Ukraine,........

The Goths invade the Roman Provinces,...

250. Various Effects of the Gothic War,..

281

281

.... 283

283

284

....... 285

286

287

288

288

289

290

251. Decius revives the Office of Censor in the Person of Valerius,.. 291

Gallus purchases Peace by the Payment of an annual Tribute,. 295

Valerian is acknowledged Emperor,

.......

Character of Valerian,

lienus, ....

Inroads of the Barbarians,.

253-268. General Misfortunes of the Reigns of Valerian and Gal-

Origin and Confederacy of the Franks,.

........

They invade Gaul,.

Ravage Spain,.....

.............

Pass over into Africa,....

Origin and Renown of the Suevi,

A mixed Body of Suevi assume the Name of Alemanni, .

Invade Gaul and Italy,

........

Are repulsed from Rome by the Senate and People,............ 303

The Senators excluded by Gallienus from the Military Service, 304