The History of Maritime and Inland Discovery - William Desborough Cooley - Google Bøker

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CONTENTS.

GEOGRAPHY OF THE ANCIENTS.

Introduction.-Wandering Propensity of primitive Man.-Slow Growth of Geo-

graphy.-The Hebrews.-The Mosaic Genesis.-Simple Cosmology.-The

Phoenicians.-Antiquity of their Navigations.-Their Obscurity

THE GREEKS.-HOMERIC AGE.

The first Navigators Pirates.-Slave Trade in Antiquity.-Homer's Knowledge

of Greece. Of the Scythians.-Of Egypt and the Ethiopians.-The Ships

of the Homeric Age.-The Mythic Regions of the West.-Voyage of Ulysses.

-The Cyclops.-Isles of Circe and of Eolus.-Ends of the Ocean and Land

of Darkness.-The wandering Isles.-Scylla, Charybdis, and the Sirens.-Si-

culi and Sicani.-Trinacria.-Homer actually ignorant of the West.-Hesiod.

-King Latinus.-The Eridanus.-Argonautic Expedition.-Its Authenticity.

-The Euxine known early to the Pelasgians.-The Golden Fleece.-Return

of Jason variously related.-The Orphic Account.-Iernis mentioned.-The

Cimmerians of the West.-Explanation of the Mythology.-Elysium and

Happy Islands of the West.-Summary

THE GREEKS CONTINUED.-HISTORIC AGE.

Systems of early Greek Philosophers.-Herodotus.-His literary Ardour and

Success.-His Travels.-Describes the Scythians.-Received Intelligence re-

specting the Arimasps and Griffons.-In vain sought the Hyperboreans.-

Effect of Climate on the Growth of Horns.-Extent of the Knowledge he

acquired from the Scythians.-The Cimmerians of the Bosphorus.-Their

Origin conjectured.-The Caspian Sea.-Herodotus acquainted with the

Bactrians, and with India.-Eastern Ethiopians.-The great Ants of India

which guard the Gold.-Egypt.-The Automoles or Exiles.-Rout up the

Nile, and to Bornou.-Journey of the Nasamones to the Niger.-Alleged

Circumnavigation of Africa under King Nechos.-Voyage of Sataspes.-Hero-

dotus ignorant of the West.-The River Eridanus and the Riphæan Moun-

tains.-Commercial Enterprise of the Greeks.-Summary

THE GREEKS CONTINUED.

Scarcity of Books in Antiquity.-Herodotus ignorant of the Carthaginian Dis-

coveries.-Voyage of Hanno to the Negro Country.-Sees Crocodiles and

Hippopotami.-Nocturnal Fires.-Gorrillæ, or Ourang Outangs.-Himilco ex
plores the Northern Seas.-Finds the Tin Country.-Albion and Ierne.-

Scylax of Caryanda the first Greek who mentions Rome.-Pytheas of Mar
seilles.-Visits Britain.-Discovers Thule.-Describes the Amber Coast in the

Baltic. Was an acute Observer.-Xenophon describes the Retreat of the Ten

Thousand.-The Curds.-The Armenian Mountaineers.-Ctesias.-Resides in

Persia.-Mixes Oriental Fables with his Relations.-Men with the Heads and

Tails of Dogs.-The Magic Pool of Silas.-Speaks of the Kermes Insect.-

Greek Philosophers.-Aristotle.-Mentions the Hercynian Mountains or the
Hartz. The Britannic Islands and Taprobane.-Thought that India might

be reached by the West

THE GREEKS CONTINUED.

Expedition of Alexander.-Policy of that Conqueror.-Enters India.-Resolves
to explore the Persian Gulf. The March down the Indus.-Næarchus em-

barks. Suffers great Hardships.-Imagines himself at the Equator.-The
Greeks dismayed at the Appearance of a Whale.-Famished in the midst of

Turtle.-Successful Termination of the Voyage.-Preparations made to ex-

plore the Coasts of Arabia.-Arrested by the Death of Alexander.-Grand

Views of that Prince.--Remarks of the Macedonians in India.-Division of

the People into Castes.-Honey made without Bees.-Elephants.-Use of

Umbrellas.-The Banyan Trees.-The Faquirs.-Self-Devotion to the Flames.

-City of Palibothra.-Its Situation.-Indian Fables.-Respect paid to Mon-

keys. The Greeks distorted Foreign Names.-Voyage of Jambolo to Ceylon.

-His Remarks on the People.-Taprobane or Ceylon variously described.-
Accounts of the Ancients reconciled.-The Names of that Island.-Com-

merce between Egypt and the East.-Geography flourished in the commer-

cial City of Alexandria.-Eratosthenes mentions Thinæ.-Agatharchides.-

Describes Abyssinia.-Wealth of the Sabaans.-Eudoxus of Cyzicus.-Sails

to India.-Driven to the Coast of Africa.-Finds the supposed Wreck of a

Ship from Gades.-Banished from Egypt.-Resolves to reach India by the

Ocean.-Sails from Gades.-His Misfortunes.-Repeats the Attempt.-His

Fate and Character

THE GREEKS CONTINUED.

The Roman Conquests.-Strabo.-His Knowledge of the West.-The Tur

detani in Spain.-Anthropophagi in Ireland.-The Sarmatians.-The Sinds

or Indians on the Bosphorus.-The Sigyni.-The Gipsies.-Indians in Lycia.

-Nations of the Caucasus.-The Caspian Sea supposed to join the Ocean.-

Expeditions of Elius Gallus into Arabia and Ethiopia.-Habitable and un-

inhabitable Zones.-Obstinate Incredulity of Strabo.-Britain visited by

Cæsar.-Its Population.-The Romans reach the Baltic.-The Cimbri.-

Scandinavia and Norway mentioned by Pliny.-Tacitus names the Swedes.

-The Arimphæi.-Grand Characteristics of the Northern Nations.-March
of Cornelius Balbus into the Interior of Africa.-And of Suetonius Paulinus

across Mount Atlas.-King Juba's Account of the Nile and Niger.-The For-
tunate Isles. Various Statements reconciled -

DISCOVERY OF THE MONSOONS.

Hippalus.-Increased Trade with India.-Course pursued.-Periplus of Arrian.
-His accurate Account of the Indian Peninsula.

Increased Intercourse of Nations under the Romans.-Advantages enjoyed by

Ptolemy.-Applies the Measures of Longitude and Latitude.-His Errors.

Displays an Acquaintance with the Caspian Steppes.-Progress westward

of the Scythian Nations.-Their Origin.-Towns on the River Niger.-Ptole-

my's Acquaintance with the East.-His frequent Repetitions.-Supposed the

Continents of Asia and Africa to unite in the Southern Ocean.-The Sinæ

and the Seres must have been the Chinese.-The Silk Trade.-Allusion to the

Tatars.-The Stone Tower in the Belurtag.-Testimonies of the Chinese

Writers.-Roman Embassy to China.-The Name of Silk.-Of China.-An-

tiquity of the Trade with China.-Merits of Ptolemy.-Conclusion

ON THE COMMERCE OF THE ANCIENTS.

Connection between Commerce and Geography.-Trade with India in the

Hands of the Arabians.-Their Wealth and Luxury.-Cinnamon.-Ignorance

as to the Country which produced it.-Known to Moses.-Supposed to

grow in Arabia and in Africa.-Pliny's Account.-Antiquity of Trade in the

Eastern Seas.-Pirate Nations of the East.-Productions of the Moluccas

mentioned by Plautus.-Early Commerce of the Phoenicians examined.-.

Tin brought to Egypt from India.-The Cassiterides.-Never known.-Di-

rect Trade between Phoenicia and the West improbable.-Carthage.-Nev-

er aimed at a distant carrying Trade.-Amber.-Brought to Greece from the

Adriatic.-Mythical Connection of the Eridanus and Amber.-Trade in Eu-

rope.-Conclusion

MYTHIC GEOGRAPHY OF THE HINDOOS, AND ITS CONNECTION

WITH GRECIAN MYTHS.

Mount Meru.-The Seven Dwipas or Islands.-The Quarters of the Heavens,

how named.-The White Island of the West: its triple Nature.-Gold, Sil-

ver, and Iron Mountains.-The Country of the Sun and Moon.-Auspicious

Epithets. Wide Diffusion of this Belief.-Numerous White Seas.-White

Islands of the Greeks.-Trinacrias and Islands of the Happy.--Hecate and

triple Divinities of the West.-Hesperia.-The Hyperboreans-known gen-

erally among the Indo-Teutonic Nations.-Tradition of an Atlantis or West-

ern Island. Hindoo Geography of the East.-Lands of Gold, Silver, and

Brass: misled Ptolemy.-Panchau.-These Legends still preserved in India

ud in the West.-Their Influence

GEOGRAPHY OF THE MIDDLE AGES.

Itineraries of the Romans.-Peutingerian Table.-Cosmas Indicopleustes.-

The words Sint and Hindoo.-The Tsinitza.-The Arabians.-Their Con-

quests and Commerce.-Early Travellers into China.-Education of the

Chinese.-Regulations of their Ports.-First mention made of Tea. Chi-

nese eat human Flesh.-Strangers in China.-Canfu.-Uses of the Cocoa nut

Tree.-Kings of India.-The Unicorn.-Sogdiana.-The Alans.-Khazars.~~

The Fossil Ivory of Bulgar.-Commerce of the Arabians with the North of

Europe. The Interior of Africa colonised by Arabians.-Kingdoms of Ghana

and Tocrur.-Lamlam.-The Zinges and Wacwac.-The Perpetual Islands.

-Other Islands in the Sea of Darkness.-Voyage of Almegrurim

TRAVELS OF IBN BATUTA.

1bn Batuta sets out on the Pilgrimage.-Ascends the Nile.-Returns to Gaza.

-The Baths of Tiberias.-The Mosque of the Foot.-Miracles at Meshid Ali.

-Shiraz.-Bagdad.-Mecca.-Visits Yemen-and Abyssinia.-The Berbers.

-The Zunuj.-Zafar.-The Frankincense Tree.-Ormuz.-Fars,-Second

Pilgrimage.-Goes through Upper Egypt to Cairo-Jerusalem-Anatolia.-

The Turkomans.-Society called the Brotherhood.-Erzerum.-Fall of Ero-

lites. Showers of Fishes.-The Ottoman Princes.-Ibn Batuta goes to Crim.

-Desert of Kipjak.-Tatar Camp.-City of Bulgar.-Shortness of the Nights.

-Siberian Travelling.-Singular Mode of Traffic.-The Russians.-Ibn Ba-

tuta accompanies a Greek Princess to Constantinople.-The Procession.-

His Reception.-Account of that City.-Historical Difficulties.-Greek Cus-

toms imitated by the Turks.-Pious Wish of El Harawi
131

TRAVELS OF IBN BATUTA CONTINUED.

Ibn Batuta returns to Tatary.-Proceeds to Chorasm.-Singular Custom.-

Bokhara.-Its Mosque.-Balkh.-Hindoo Cush.-The Father of the Saints.-

The Afghans. Sind.-Ruins near Lahari.-Mode of levying Troops.-Dehli.-

Character of the Emperor.-Ibn Batuta appointed Judge.-Expedient to raise

Money. Narrowly escapes being put to death.-Turns Faquir.-Chosen

Ambassador to China.-Negotiations between the Courts of Pekin and

Dehli.-The Embassage sets out.-Attacked by Robbers.-Ibn Batuta ta-

ken Prisoner. His Sufferings and Escape.-City of Barun infested by

Yogees. The Goftars.-Ordeals in India.-Journey to Calicut.-Chinese

Junks.-Imperial Treasures lost by Shipwreck.-Ibn Batuta goes_to_the

Maldives.-Is made Judge.-Marries three Wives.-Proceeds to Ceylon.

-Ascends Adam's Peak.-King of the Monkeys.-Embarks at Coulan.-Cap-

tured by Pirates.-Returns to the Maldives.-Visits Bengal, Sumatra,

Tawalisi. Arrives in China.-Paper Money.-Gog and Magog.-El Khansa.

-Tatar Funeral.-Returns to Persia.-Mecca.-Revisits Tangier.-Travels in

Spain. Proceeds to Soudan.-Thagari.-Abu Latin.-Mali.-The Niger.-

Hippopotami.-Cannibals.-Timbuctoo.-Kakaw.-Bardama.-Nakda.-Re-

turns, and takes up his Residence in Fez

PROGRESS OF GEOGRAPHY IN THE MIDDLE AGES.

DISCOVERIES OF THE NORTHMEN.

Antiquity of the Scandinavians.-The Fins.-Northern Crusades.-Turks, Sar-

acens, and Amazons in the North.-Voyage of Other.-Whale Fishery.-

Walsten describes the Funerals of the Russians.--The Northmen invade Ire-

land.-Occupy the Western Isles.-The Whiteman's Land.-Voyage of

Madoc.-Welsh Indians.-Iceland discovered.-Relics found there.-Green-

land discovered and colonised.-Journey of Hollar Geit.-Old Greenland

lost. Vinland.-Skrælingues or Esquimaux.-Map of the two Zeni.-Fries-

land. Grolandia.-The warm Springs and Houses built of Lava.-Canoes of

the Esquimaux.-Estotiland and Droceo.-The New World.-Cannibals.-

The precious Metals

MAPS OF THE MIDDLE AGES.

Ignorance.-Missionaries.-Pilgrims.-Adam of Bremen.-Giraldus

Cambrensis.-Love of the Marvellous.-Icelandic Sagas.---Surveys.-Old

Maps of the British Islands.-Effects of the Feudal System.-Doomsday Book.

-Maps of the Middle Ages.-Tables of Charlemagne.-Map preserved in Tu-

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