construed, n. 170; n. 46. Still endures unimpaired,

n. 296.
CONSTITUTION ordained and established in order to form a more
perfect Union; establish justice; ensure domestic tran-
quillity; provide for the common defense; promote the
general welfare, and to secure the blessings of liberty.
Preamble.

It is a government, and the supreme law, n. 2. Went
into operation, when, n. 3. Created a new government;
its mutations not a compact, n. 4.

CONSTITUTION. Congress shall have power to make all laws which
shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution
the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this
Constitution in the government of the United States, or in
any department or office thereof..

This clause explained, notes 138, 274.

CONSTITUTION. No person except a natural born citizen, or a
citizen at the time of the adoption of this Constitution,
shall be eligible to the office of President of the United
States...

The reason explained, n. 170.

CONSTITUTION of the United States. The President shall, before
he enter on the execution of his office, take an oath that
he will, to the best of his ability, "preserve, protect, and
defend the Constitution of the United States

The President is the only officer required to take this
oath, n. 174.

CONSTITUTION. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in
law and equity, arising under the Constitution..
Judicial power defined, n. 199. Does not extend to all
questions arising under the Constitution, n. 199.
arise when, n. 200.

Cases

CONSTITUTION. Nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed
as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any
particular State, respecting the territory or other property
thereof..

This applied to the claims of North Carolina and Georgia,
n. 232.
CONSTITUTION. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses
shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this
Constitution, or, on the application of the legislatures of
two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for
proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid,
to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution,
when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the
several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof,
as the one or the other mode of ratification may be pro-
posed by the Congress; provided that no amendment
which may be made prior to the year 1808, shall, in any
manner, affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth
section of the first article; and that no State, without its
consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the
Senate..

This power exercised, notes 236, 244, 274, 275.
CONSTITUTION. All debts contracted, and engagements entered
into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as
valid against the United States under this Constitution
as under the Confederation..

The reason explained, n. 237.

CONSTITUTION. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States
which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties
made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the
United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and
the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any
thing in the Constitution or laws of any State to the con-
trary notwithstanding..

CONSTITUTION or laws of any State. The judges in every State
shall be bound by the Constitution, laws, and treaties of

the United States, any thing in the Constitution or laws of
any State to the contrary notwithstanding.

The Constitution creates the government, n. 238. Is
paramount, n. 199.
CONSTITUTION. The senators and representatives before men-
tioned, and the members of the several State legislatures,
and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United
States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or
affirmation to support this Constitution; but no religious
test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office
of public trust under the United States...

What officers; the oath; power over; test oath;
it binds the citizens and States, n. 242. Remarks on,
281.

CONSTITUTION. The ratification of the conventions of nine States
shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitu-
tion between the States so ratifying the same...

CONSTITUTION. The adoption of the Constitution, done in con-
vention by the unanimous consent of the States present,
the 17th day of September, A. D. 1787, and of the indepen-
dence of the United States the twelfth..

Ratification, and all the other words, defined, n. 243,
Dates of ratification, Id. The terms in this defined and
explained, n. 268.

CONSTITUTION. The enumeration in the Constitution of certain

rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others
retained by the people. Amendments..

CONSTITUTION. The powers not delegated to the United States
by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States,
are reserved to the States, respectively, or to the people.
Amendments

Delegated, and this power, defined and explained, n. 269.
The word "expressly" was rejected, Id.

CONSTITUTIONAL law. The act of 1795, to call forth the militia,
constitutional, n. 130, p. 134. The act of 1863, declar-
ing the militia, national forces, constitutional; denied, n.
134, p. 136. The passenger tax laws unconstitutional,
n. 88.

Only four acts of Congress have been declared unconsti-
tutional, n. 274, p. 276. So a State law, requiring an in-
porter to take out license before selling goods, n. 89,
p. 108.
CONSTITUTIONS of States. Rules of suffrage under, n. 17. Where
there are two constitutions in one State, the political
authorities must determine the true one, n. 199, p. 195,
n. 233. Of the Rebel States, n. 274, p. 283, § 5.
$
CONSTRUED. Nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed
as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any
particular State..

Common sense rules of inter-
notes 46, 170, 274. So as to

The object of this, 232.
pretation to be employed,
effect the objects, 138.
CONSTRUED. The enumeration in the Constitution of certain
rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others
retained by the people. Amendments.

CONSTRUED. The judicial power of the United States shall not be
construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, com-
menced or prosecuted against one of the United States by
citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any
foreign State. Amendments

This was an amendment of the 2d section of the third
article, notes 205a, 270.

46, 269

CONSULS. (See Appointments.) Cannot act without exequaturs,
n. 188. The grade defined, n. 202.

CONSULS. The judicial power shall extend to all cases affecting
ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, in which
the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction

CONTRACTS. No State shall pass any law impairing the obligation
of contracts....

What laws enter into the contract, n. 157. Validity and
remedy, how connected, n. 157, p. 156. Repealing laws
must not impair, Id. Monopolies, how affected, Id.
Contract defined and discussed, n. 157, p. 157. Private in-
corporations are, Id. Mere retrospective laws are not,
n. 158. How exemption laws impair, n. 159. And stay
laws, n. 160. And redemption laws, n. 160. Laws which
merely affect the remedy do not impair, n. 161. Nor laws
which merely declare the validity of, n. 161.

CONTRACTED. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into
before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid
against the United States under this Constitution as under
the Confederation..

This was only a moral and general obligation, n. 237.
CONTROVERSIES. The judicial power shall extend to controversies
to which the United States shall be a party; to contro-
versies between two or more States; between a State and
citizens of another State; between citizens of different
States; between citizens of the same State claiming lands
under grants of different States, and between a State or
the citizens thereof and foreign States, citizens, or subjects.
See these several classifications fully explained, notes
199-200. (See Case.)

CONTROVERSIES between States settled by Congress under the
Confederation, Art. IX. p. 14.

CONTROVERSY. In suits at common law, where the value in con-
troversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by
jury shall be preserved. Amendments...

This amendment discussed and explained, n. 263. The
parties may waive the right of trial by jury, n. 263.

CONVENE Congress. The President may, on extraordinary oc-
casions, convene both houses, or either of them
The power has been frequently exercised, n. 188.
CONVENED. The United States shall, on application of the
executive of a State, when the legislature cannot be
convened, protect such State from domestic violence
The President must determine what body of men con-
stitute the legislature, and who is the governor, n. 285.
CONVENTION. The adoption of the Constitution, done in Conven-
tion by the unanimous consent of the States present, the
17th September, A. D. 1787..

CONVENTIONS for proposing and ratifying amendments of the
Constitution. (See Constitution.)......

CONVENTIONS of States. The ratification of the conventions of
nine States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this
Constitution between the States so ratifying the same....
No such proposal has ever been made by the States.
This was intended to leave the action to the people, n.
243. Not by the States in their sovereign capacities, n. 6.
Not a majority of the whole people, n. 6.
CONVENTIONS of the rebel States to frame Constitutions, n. 27, p. 284,
§ 5. Delegates to be elected, n. 276, p. 284. (Supplemen-
tary act) § 2. The voters to decide for or against a con-
vention, Id. § 3. If for, to be held, Id. § 4. Constitution to
be submitted by the, to the voters, Id. § 4. If adopted, the
President of, to transmit the Constitution to Congress, Id.
$5. The conventions to prescribe the fees, &c., Id. § 8
The conventions have been carried and met in all
States but Texas, Id 278.

CONVICTED. No person shall be convicted on an impeach
without the concurrence of two-thirds of the sex
present

CONVICTED. No person shall be convicted of treason, un
the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt
on confession in open co

COPYRIGHT. An author has none except what is secured by act of

Congress, n. 107, p. 122.
CORRUPTION of blood. No attainder of treason shall work corrup
tion of blood or forfeiture, except during the life of the
person attainted...

By corruption of blood all inheritable qualities are
destroyed, n. 142.

COUNSEL. In all criminal prosecutions the accused to have the
assistance of counsel for his defense. Amendments......
When this was adopted counsel were not allowed in
England, n. 262.

COUNTERFEITING. Congress shall have power to provide for the
punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current
coin of the United States...

Defined; power of States to punish, n. 103.

COURT of impeachment. (See Impeachment.)

COURT. (See Supreme Court.)...

COURT. No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the
testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on
confession in open court....

This means the trial not the preliminary examination,
n. 216.
COURT of the United States. In suits at common law, where the
value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the
right of trial by jury shall be preserved; and no fact tried
by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of
the United States, than according to the rules of the com-
mon law. Amendments....

This includes all suits not of equity or admiralty juris-
diction, n. 263. The common law of England is meant,
n. 263. No fact revised, 264. Instances of violation, n. 265.
COURTS. Congress shall have power to constitute tribunals inferior
to the Supreme Court

To constitute tribunals, defined. n. 109. The jurisdic-
tion of such courts, Id. Congress can regulate their juris-
diction, n. 196.

COURTS. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested
in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the
Congress may, from time to time, ordain and establish.
(See Judicial Power.)

Judicial power defined, n. 195. Mandatory upon Con-
gress to vest, Id. Supreme Court defined, Id. The present
organization of the Supreme Court, 197. List of all the
judges who presided in the, Id. Jurisdiction of the, n. 210.
COURTS of law. The Congress may, by law, vest the appointment
of such inferior officers as they think proper in the Presi-
dent alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of depart-
26tments

Clerks of the court are such officers, n. 183, and commis-
sioners of bail and affidavits, Id.

CRAWFORD, WILLIAM H. Presiding officer of the Senate, n, 88,
P. 79.

CREDIT of the United States. Congress shall have power to bor-
row money on the credit of the United States..