spiritual and practical religion, which was the "to be called upon for military service against great desideratum in his view. Christians, or to take an oath in civil processes." How long they held these views on war and oaths, we are not informed, though it does not by any means appear that in their oftrepeated persecutions they always adhered to them. His own house soon became a common resort for those who needed his aid in their outward necessities, and likewise for many who sought his advice and instruction on religious subjects. The number of his disciples increasing rapidly, he undertook to preach more openly in public places; and so many were attracted by his discourses that the usual houses for worship were comparatively deserted. In his preaching he took pains to prove his doctrines from the Holy Scriptures, and boldly asserted that the Church of Rome was in a state of apostasy from the true faith of the gospel, that she was the harlot of Babylon, and the barren fig-tree which our Lord cursed; that we are not bound to obey the Pope, who is not the true head of the church; that monasticism is like corrupt carrion, and has the mark of the beast; and that masses, purgatory, the dedication of temples, and the worship of the saints, are inventions of the devil.* After a time he began to preach, not only in Lyons, but likewise in the surrounding country, and sent forth numerous coadjutors to propagate the same doctrines, who met with a hearty welcome among congenial souls in the spurs and valleys of the Alps. His life, meanwhile, was consistent with his doctrines, and even his enemies have conceded to him a charity and Christian piety altogether rare in that corrupt age. Indeed, his character for virtue and integrity was beyond reproach. Blair says that "notwithstanding the opposition of the Pope and clergy," his success as a preacher "was most singular. Some authors affirm that he and his followers denied swearing, and all forms of supplication, except the Lord's prayer.' Their other prayers would be extemporaneous. Be this as it may, Waldo and his fellow-laborers went on teaching all who chose to listen. They blamed the vice and luxury, the excesses and arrogance, of the Pope and his dignitaries. In short, the new preachers removed almost all the sanctions of the Roman church as useless and superstitious." And it appears from the account given by Neander, that they not only disapproved of oaths, but also "held it unchristian to shed blood." For he tells us that a few years afterward, Pope Innocent III., being desirious to conciliate the Waldenses, granted permission (with certain reservations) to those of them who could be persuaded to remain in allegiance to Rome, not only to form a spiritual society among themselves, after the manner of other religious orders, but to be exempt from the liability *Blair's History of the Waldenses. At length the attention of the Council of Tours was directed to the heresies, so called, prevailing in the valleys of Piedmont and the district around Lyons, and the Archbishop of Lyons, alarmed at Waldo's progress, prohibited him and his companions from further spreading their sentiments, alleging that they, being only laymen, transcended the limits of their position in society, in taking upon them the function of preachers. He threatened that if the practice was persisted in, it should be met with excommunication and the punishment of heresy. But Waldo* replied, that in a matter of such infinite importance as the salvation of men, he could not hold his peace, and that he must obey God rather than man." In accordance with the fulmination of the Council ́ of Tours, the archbishop then endeavored to apprehend him; but Waldo continued in and about Lyons for three years afterward, notwithstanding the archbishop's efforts to have him arrested; being protected by his friends and relatives, some of whom were persons of much influence. At length, however, in the year 1166, the archbishop succeeded so far in his plans as to compel Peter Waldo and his followers to retire from the city to distant places. Neander says that they appealed to Pope Alexander III., transmitting to him a copy of their Romance Bible, and soliciting his approbation of their spiritual society; that the subject was discussed before the Lateran Council in 1170, but that the Pope refused their petition and forbade them to continue to preach. "They were dispersed," says Du Thou, “as strangers through the province of Narbonne, Lombardy, and especially among the Alps, where, having obtained a secure retreat, they lay hid for many years." And he adds that "Peter Waldo, being chased from Lyons, retired into the Low Countries, had a great number of followers in Picardy, passed into Germany, visited the towns of Saxony, and at last settled in Bohemia." He diligently propagated his sentiments in the various places where he travelled. By the accounts of other authors, it appears that on leaving Lyons he first proceeded into Dauphiny, making a great impression among the peasants of the mountains in that district, and founding congregations which withstood the assaults of * Milner's Church History, vol. iii. p. 419. persecution for many years. He next went into Provence, and thence into Languedoc, where he left zealous pastors over numerous flocks, in the field formerly occupied by Peter de Bruys and his companion Henri. Thence he appears to have travelled northward into Picardy, where great multitudes adhered to his doctrines, who were afterwards subjected to severe persecution. Here, in 1188, their enemies destroyed three hundred mansions of the more opulent among them, razed several of their walled towns, and consigned many of the inhabitants of the district to the flames. Proceeding into the Netherlands and Flanders, he afterward visited Germany, and especially labored zealously in Saxony; after which he settled in Bohemia for the brief remainder of his life. Blair relates, on the authority of a Bohemian historian, that the disciples of Waldo, driven from France, arrived in Bohemia in the year 1176, and having selected for their residence Saaz and Laun on the Eger, they obtained an immense number of associates. But he does not state whether this was the district to which Waldo's own steps were directed. It would appear that they found in Bohemia congenial spirits, and were instrumental in leading many offering. By the local application of a suffi these to a still purer doctrine, a more simple mode of worship than the Greek, to which they had been accustomed, and a stricter discipline. WONDERS OF MODERN SURGERY. The progress of modern surgery is most interestingly discussed in an article in the March number of the Atlantic Monthly. The first great and radical step in modern progress was the introduction of what the doctors call anesthetic agents. Ether was brought into use on the 30th of March, 1846, by Dr. Morton, of Boston, who extracted a tooth from a man without pain, by first putting him under the influence of ether. Dr. C. Jackson, the geologist, claims to have made the first suggestion of ether, and did, unquestionably, suggest great the use of it. Chloroform was discovered by Sir J. Y. Simpson, a surgeon of Edinburgh, Scotland, on the 4th of November, 1847. Now no operation of magnitude is performed without the aid of insensibility to pain, produced either by ether, chloroform or some other anesthetic agent. It seems as far back as the 13th century the idea of painless operations was carefully considered, but though treated of by one Theodoric, was apparently laid aside as practically useless. The chief effort of the old surgeons was apparently to produce insensibility in the operator in inflicting suf The accounts, however, of the latter days of Peter Waldo are extremely defective, and contradictory in regard to dates. All that is certain appears to be the fact that in Bohemia he found not only an open door for his teachings, but also a secure asylum from ecclesiastical persecution, and a peaceful resting-place for his declining days. It is said by Milner, that he died there in the year 1179; though even the date of his death is a matter of doubt, some authors alleging that 1184 was the year of his retirement to Bohemia. This cient degree of cold, insensibility can be produced in any desired part, so that a man with a most exquisitely painful wound on his arm, or felon on his finger, can now look quietly down, in his perfect senses, upon the knife as it enters his own body, and performs the most difficult operations without giving him the least pain. Modern science has constructed an instrument by which a vapor of ether, or other volatile substance, is thrown out in the form of spray, which so rapidly absorbs the natural heat of the parts of the body exposed to its operations as to produce perfect insensibility to pain, without the loss of volition or consciousness. evaporation is so potent that the great FaraMuston* assures us that 1179 was the year day was able to produce ice in a red hot cruci when Waldo presented to the Pope a trans-ble! Dr. Henry J. Bigelow, of Boston, has inlation of the Bible into the vulgar tongue; and was present at the Council of Lateran, where, according to the relation of Mapes, Archdeacon of Oxford, who was present at that Council, the Pope showed Waldo some favor, and sanctioned his preaching, under certain restrictions. Muston adds that Waldo was condemned by Lucius III. in the Council of Verona, in 1184, when the Emperor was exerting himself to extirpate "heretics;" and alleges that it was in consequence of this condemnation that, between 1185 and 1188, Waldo and his disciples were expelled from Lyons. * Muston's "Israel of the Alps," vol. i. p. 15. troduced the use of rhigolene, a product of petroleum, which is extremely volatile, and will freeze up the skin and textures beneath in a few seconds, 15 degrees of cold below zero being easily produced in a few minutes. Artificial legs and arms are now manufac tured, which are light and have all the movements of natural joints, by means of springs, cords, and wheels, and are so perfectly adapted to use that it is by no means easy to discover which is the natural and which the artificial limb, when the wearer is once used to wearing the work of art. One man boasts, "I can carry an armful of wood quite handily," or "carry a pail of water with ease;" and another says, I was fitted with a pair of artificial hands, and can feed | myself very well with them, also can write so as to be read." Another declares he has driven a horse "twenty miles on the coldest day, without calling on his other hand for assistance." This is a great improvement on the iron hook, which was the best substitute that old surgery could affix to the stump. These artificial limbs, however, are triumphs of mechanical ingenuity, rather than of surgery. A French surgeon has invented an instrument he calls the ecraseur, or crusher, to perform operations dangerous in surgery, on account of the loss of blood from the smaller vessels, if performed with a knife. It is formed of a fine chain gathered into a loop, which encloses the part to be removed, and by turning a screw the chain is tight ened till the parts are separated. The blunt chain so turns up or twists the ends of the blood vessels that hemorrhage is prevented. A child was born with a tongue so much too long that it protruded three or four inches from her mouth, so that she could not mastiate food, or shut her mouth, or speak. Yet when about fifteen years old, under the influence of chloroform, the ecraseur was applied, the superfluous portion of the tongue removed, and now she talks, sings and eats with ease. vative surgery sawed off the protruding bones, turned the leg back again to its place, and put on an instrument to keep it of equal length with the other, and now that boy stands, runs and jumps with two sound legs instead of amputating the limb, as the oldfashioned surgery would have done.-Ledger. THE SECRET. EATING WHEN EXHAUSTED. "I noticed," said Franklin, "a mechanic, among a number of others, at work on a house always appeared to be in a merry humor; who erecting but a little way from my office, who had a kind and cheerful smile for every one he met. Let the day be ever so cold, gloomy, or sunless, a happy smile danced like a sunbeam on his cheerful countenance. Meeting him cret of his constant happy flow of spirits. No one morning, I asked him to tell me the sesecret, Doctor,' he replied. 'I have got one of the best of wives, and when I go to work she always has a kind word of encouragement for me; and when I go home she meets me with a smile and a kiss; and then tea is sure to be ready; and she has done so many little things through the day to please me, that I cannot find it in my heart to speak an unkind word to any body. What influence, then, has woman over the heart of man, to soften it, and make it the foundation of cheerful and pure emotions? Speak gently, then; greetings after the toils of the day are over, cost nothThe eye is now examined by an instru-ing, and go far toward making home happy ment called the ophthalmascope, by which and peaceful. the depths of the globe of the eye can be readily and fully explored, and through its aid a great deal of what has been written and conjectured about diseases of the eye has been found to be wrong. The intricate passages of the ear, the nose, the whole of the "windpipe" and passages to the lungs, are now carefully explored. Perhaps one of the best results of modern science has been through what is called conservative surgery, the rule of which is to save all that possibly can be saved from the amputating knife. Many of our brave soldiers complained of the reckless haste with which, in the late war, some surgeons would cut off arms and legs on account of trifling wounds. The complaint was often just. But one of the most distinguished surgeons in the world has lately written, "At King's College it is rare to see an amputation; in nine cases out of tea, excision (or the cutting OUT of the diseased portion of the limb) should be performed in its stead." A poor boy at the West was caught under a falling log, and his leg broken, crushed, and twisted upon itself at right-angles with his thigh, the bones protruding through the flesh, and no doctor near. He lived and was, after weeks of suffering, taken to a hospital. Modern conser When the strength or nerve power is already worn out, or used up, the digestion of food only makes a fresh demand upon it, and if it be unable to meet the demand, the food is only a burden upon it, producing mischief. Our bodies have been compared to steam engines, the food being the fuel and the steam produced the nerve power. The analogy holds good to a certain extent. when the steam is low because the fire is low, you pile in too fast a quantity of coal, you put out your fire, and if you have depended upon steam power to fan your fires, that is also extinguished. If, Beyond this the comparison fails. You may clean out your furnaces, and begin again, but in the body the consequences of this overloading are dangerous, and sometimes fatal. No cause of cholera is more common than eating freely when exhausted. The rule should be to rest for a time, and take some simple refreshment, a cup or part or a cup of tea, a little broth, or even a piece of bread, any thing simple and in small amount, just to stimulate the stomach slightly, and begin to restore its power. After rest, a moderate quantity will be refreshing. Never eat a full meal when you are exhausted. Take first a small quantity of any thing simple which may be handy, and rest. Then, after a time, proper food will be a blessing, not a burden. The fires will burn, the steam will be up, and you can go on your way safely. It is not amiss in this connection to say, that children would avoid many a feverish night, and many an attack of disease, if mothers would follow this rule.- Observer. ITEMS. The Court for the trial of the impeachment charges against the President of the United States, organized on the 13th and adjourned to the 23d inst. FIVE WOMEN wave been appointed by the Legislature of Kansas to act as enrolling clerks to that body, and three have been chosen on the school committee at the town election in Reading, Mass. Reading is said to be one of the oldest towns in the Commonwealth. A NEW EDUCATIONAL MOVEMENT has recently sprung up in Paris and other parts of France for the improvement of the education of the girls of the higher and middle classes. Some little time ago a number of parents, dissatisfied with the quality of the instruction given to their daughters in convents, began to send them to attend the lectures of a few able men, who taught various subjects as a matter of private enterprise. Of course, the government soon stepped in, not to put down the proceedings, but to direct and extend them; and lost no time in effecting a connection between these teachers of young ladies and the University of Paris. A regu lar course of instruction was agreed upon, including mathematics, natural history, French history, &c., and the first course was commenced at the Sorbonne itself on the 1st of Twelfth month. Crowds of young ladies were present, including two nieces of the Em press Eugenie. A similar system is already at work in thirty or forty provincial towns, and several thousand girls are already receiving this new and more thorough kind of teaching. A NEW LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE for common roads has recently been exhibited in Edinburg. It has three wheels, weight about five tons, and is said to be capable of going over the roughest roads, climbing the steepest hills, and traveling over plowed land with perfect ease. The power is due to the fact that it has tires of India-rubber five inches thick and two feet broad, which take hold of the ground like an elephant's foot. IN THE CALIFORNIA LEGISLATURE, a bill has been introduced to encourage the planting of shade trees. The waste and destruction of timber by the settlers have exposed the soil in many places to the sun and winds for miles, and changed the cool groves and pleasant shady spots to dusty plains. This is especially the case upon the public roads. TEA is to be introduced into California. Recently a box of tea seed was received in San Francisco from Japan. The Agricultural Society has given in structions for its cultivation. The importance of this new addition to the agricultural resources of the Pacific slope is apparent, and the preparation of tea-leaves for market is said not to be difficult. IN BOSTON the newsboys and bootblacks are licensed by the city government. Each bootblack has his stand, which is located in a place where it will not interfere with the convenience of the public. The issuing of licenses is done in the most systematic manner. No license is issued to any boy who does not attend school during some portion of the day, and those who do not attend the public schools are required to attend the newsboys' school at least two hours each day. There are two of these schools, and sessions are held forenoon and afternoon. Each boy receives a leather badge to be worn on his hat or cap while pursuing his occupa tion. This badge contains the word "Licensed" and also the number of his license in polished letters. The bootblacks also have the letter "B" upon their badges. The boys are not required to pay anything for their licenses, but for their badges they pay $1.25, which will be refunded when required, if properly used. A record is kept of all the boys licensed, with their ages, the schools they attend, and the officer who has charge of their dis tr.ct. MANUFACTURING is gradually extending in the The Mobile papers report, with Southern Sta es. much apparent gratification, the opening of a new paper mill in Alabama, on the line of the Mobile and Ohio Railroad. A CONTROVERSY has recently been going on among practical as well as scientific men as to the transparency of molten metals, and in reference to this question, the manager of certain steel works in England has stated that, in pouring out molten steel, the edge of the crucible can be distinctly seen through the flowing sheet of metal. timony will probably be given by practical moulders in this country. The same tes PROGRESS OF THE MONT CENIS TUNNEL.- From the Paris correspondence of the London Times, it appears that from the 1st of First month last, the prosecution of the work at the Mont Cenis Tunnel has been entrusted to a company, which has at its head the Engineers Sommeiller and Grattoni, two of the first projectors of the undertaking, and whose with it. The company undertakes to finish the tunnames throughout have been honorably associated nel in four years, ending the 21st of Twelfth month, 1871, and to pay a stipulated forfeit for every month beyond that time during which it shall not have been completed. If it ends the work before that time, the same sum is to be paid to it for every month gained. The Savoy Journal says the tunnel is pretty sure to be finished early in 1871, but this will hardly be the case with the two p eces of railroad whi h are to connect St. Michael with Susa, the present termini of the railway north and south of the Alps, with the extremities of the tunnel. The work on these two pieces of the line will be of great magnitude and extremely costly. It is estimated at from 1700 to 1800 thousand francs (£68,000 to £72,000) per kilomeThe average price in France is only from £10,000 to £12,000. The cost of the tunnel itself is estimated at from four to five millions of francs per kilometre. tre. The summit railway line and the covered ways were ready two months ago, but some parts of the engines, which were made in Paris, would not stand the tests applied to them, and it was found necessary to replace them by corresponding ones of greater strength. One of the experimental engines has been working in a most satisfactory way all along, and carrying materials for the covered ways. NITRO-GLYCERINE has of late been used in firing the blasts at the Hoosac tunnel, and with most satisfactory results. Its explosive force proves to be five times that of gunpowder. FRIENDS' INTELLIGENCER. "TAKE FAST HOLD OF INSTRUCTION; LET HER NOT GO; KEEP HER; FOR SHE IS THY LIFE." COMMUNICATIONS MUST BE ADDRESSED AND PAYMENTS MADE TO Some Thoughts in relation to Friends' Testimonies and EMMOR COMLY, AGENT, At Publication Office, No. 144 North Seventh Street. TERMS:-PAYABLE IN ADVANCE. The Paper is issued every Seventh-day. at Three Dollars per annuin. $2.50 for Clubs; or, four copies for $10.00. Agents for Clubs will be expected to pay for the entire Club. REMITTANCES by mail must be in Checks, Drafts, or P. O. MONEY ORDERS; the latter preferred. MONEY sent by mail will be at the risk of the person so sending. The Postage on this Paper, paid in advance at the office where it is received, in any part of the U. S., is 20 cts. a year. AGENTS.-Joseph S. Cohu, New York. Henry Haydock, Brooklyn, N. Y. Benj. Strattan. Richmond, Ind. Wm. H. Churchman, Indianapolis, Ind. From Imitation of Christ."" delusion and snares? and what can all crea BLESSEDNESS OF INTERNAL CONVERSATION tures avail thee, when thou hast forsaken the WITH CHRIST. BY THOMAS A'KEMPIS. Disciple.-I will hear what the Lord my God will say. Christ.-Blessed is the soul that listeneth to the voice of the Lord, and from his own lips heareth the words of consolation! Blessed are the ears that receive the soft whispers of the divine breath, and exclude the noise and tumult of the world! Blessed are the eyes shut to material objects, and open and fixed upon those that are spiritual! Blessed are they that examine the state of the internal man; and, by continual exercises of repentance and faith, prepare the mind for a more comprehensive knowledge of the truths of redemption! Blessed are all who delight in the service of God; and who, that they may live purely to him, disengage their hearts from the cares and pleasures of the world! Disciple.-Consider these transcendent blessings, O my soul, and exclude the objects of sensual desire, that thou mayst be able to hear and understand the voice of the Lord thy God. Thy beloved speaketh again. Christ.-I am thy life, thy peace, and thy salvation: keep thyself united to me, and thou shalt find rest. Desire not the transitory enjoyments of earth, but seek after the eternal enjoyments prepared for thee in heaven: for what are those transitory enjoyments, but Creator? Abandon, therefore, created things, that by a faithful and pure adherence, thou mayst be acceptable to him in whom thou hast thy being, and, in union with His Spirit, enjoy everlasting felicity. "Disciple.-"Speak, Lord, for thy servant heareth. I am thy servant; give me understanding, that I may know thy testimonies." Incline my heart to the words of thy mouth: "Let thy speech distil as the dew!"` The children of Israel once said to Moses, "Speak thou with us, and we will hear let not God speak with us, lest we die." I pray not in this manner: no, Lord, I pray not so; but, with the prophet Samuel, humbly and ardently entreat, "Speak, Lord, for thy servant heareth." Let not Moses speak to me, nor any of the prophets; but speak thou, O Lord God, the inspirer and enlightener of all the prophets for thou alone, without their intervention, canst perfectly instruct me; but, without thee, they can profit me nothing. Thy ministers can pronounce the words, but cannot impart the Spirit; they may entertain the fancy with the charms of eloquence; but if thou art silent, they do not inflame the heart. They administer the letter, but thou openest the sense; they utter the mystery, but thou revealest its meaning; they publish thy laws, but thou conferrest the power of obedience; they point out the way to life, but thou |