NOTES.

The Preface.

As to Vices &c. Cf. Defoe's Poor Man's Plea (1698): 'To this day it is added to the character of a man as an additional title when you would speak well of him, "He is an honest drunken fellow".

All our Reformations are Banters &c. See Mark Pattison's essay on Philanthropic Societies in the reign of Queen Anne: (2) Societies for the Reformation of Manners, and cf. Defoe's Poor Man's Plea, in which he argues that the upper classes ought to set a good example to the lower.

1. 4. in Times of Peace: the Peace of Ryswick was signed in 1697.

12. Wou'd Foreigners their Perquisites resign. Cf. Macaulay, History, chap. xix: . . . to an English peer they [the Dutch] were objects of personal jealousy. They stood between him and Majesty.... He might have been Master of the Horse but for Auverquerque, Master of the Robes but for Zulestein, Groom of the Stole but for Bentinck'; see also Macaulay's note.

15. S... . . rs = Senators.

16. M.... r's = Members.

25. the Golden Key: the badge of the Lord Chamberlain. Sunderland 'resigned the Golden Key' in Dec. 1697. Until Oct. 1699 the duties of the office were performed by his secretary. The story of his resignation may be read in Macaulay, History, chap. xxiii. The previous couplet 'But when... his side' would apply to Sunderland.

56. Wherever God erects &c. Morley quotes 'Where God hath a temple the Devil will have a chapel' from Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy (Part III, sec. iv, mem. 1, subs. 1), and 'No sooner is a temple built to God but the Devil builds a chapel hard by ', from George Herbert's Jacula Prudentium. Bartlett's Familiar Quotations gives the following parallels: For where God built a church there the Devil would also build a chapel', from Martin Luther's Table Talk, lxvii; 'God never had a church but there, men say, The Devil a chapel hath rais'd by some wiles', from Drummond (A Proverb: Poems of William Drummond, ed. W. C. Ward (Muses' Library), vol. ii, p. 197).

68. Standing-Army: from 1697 to 1699 there was dispute about the 'standing army', which William wished to retain, but which most Englishmen thought a menace to popular liberty.

79. L.... J. . . . . . . = Lords Justices. The title was frequently conferred upon officials commissioned to undertake extraordinary judicial duties. It was applied to those who acted as regents during William III's visits to Holland.

201-2. No Reassumptions &c.: a reference to the resumption of the Irish grants. 'D'avenant's book' is Charles Davenant's Discourse upon Grants and Resumptions (1700).

203. No Parliament his army could disband. In January 1699 William's army was reduced to 7,000 men.

K 2

229. Dr. Sherl. De Facto refers to Sherlock's submission in praying for William and Mary on the ground that the Church of England recognized a government de facto. Sherlock defended his position in his Case of Allegiance (1691). See Overton, The Non-Jurors, pp. 37, 60, 115.

268. David at Hackelah: see 1 Sam. xxiii. 19.

299-300. Lisle.... Pile: Sir George Lisle, shot in 1648, after the surrender of Colchester. (See Gardiner's History of the Great Civil War (1893), vol. iv, pp. 202 and foll.). I do not understand the reference in 1. 300.

303-7. C....

n = Castlemain[e]: P... h =

Portsmouth: S...t = Scott. The six bastard dukes were: Southampton, Grafton, Northumberland (sons of Castlemaine), Richmond (son of Portsmouth), Monmouth (son of Lucy Walter), and St. Alban's (son of Nell Gwynn). As Lucy Walter was born in Pembrokeshire she is probably meant by 'Cambrian'; hence Tabby S... t' is probably Nell Gwynn.

=

311. S.......g and P..... d = Schomberg and Portland. 393. English-Saxons Anglo-Saxons. Cf. the title An English-Saxon Homily ... Translated into Modern English . . . By Eliz. Elstob. London (1709).

409-12. Sackvilles, Saviles, Cecils, Delameres, Mohuns, Montagues, Duras, Veres (see the edition of 1716).

412. In the edition of the True-born Englishman printed in A True Collection of the Writings of the Author of the True Born English-man (1703) this line runs:

'Your Houblons, Papillons, and Lethuliers,'

510. our Asgilites: see Southey's Doctor, chaps. 172, 173, and Defoe's Enquiry into the Case of Mr. Asgil's General Translation (1703). Asgil wrote a legal argument to show that no Christian lies under the necessity of death; Christians convinced of this need never die, but will be translated.

521. I cannot identify 'Colon'. His case was probably not a rare

one.

624-53. Shamwhig is John Tutchin. He published A Pindarick Ode in Praise of Folly and Knavery in 1696. About 1692 a clerkship was found for him in the victualling office, with a salary of about £40 and fees. In 1695, however, he accused the commissioners of cheating the King of vast sums of money. He did not establish his case, and was dismissed.' (D. N. B. art. Tutchin, John.)

647. Against the Dutch turns Champion refers to The Foreigners (1700). 'He panegyrick't' the King before in An Heroick Poem upon the late Expedition of his Majesty to rescue England... 1689.

Defoe omitted this attack in subsequent editions of the True-born Englishman. In 1702 Tutchin wrote in praise of Defoe's honesty in repaying his debts (see Lee's Defoe, i, pp. 27–8).

703-30. The Rev'rend Clergy too! see Macaulay, History, chap. ix, where he gives an account of Compton, Bishop of London, marching in full military costume at the head of a body of volunteers.

764. W..... William: S. =

968. Were Paid, and Curs'd &c.: a reference to the disbandment of William's Dutch troops in 1699.

990-1. See 2 Sam. xv-xvii.

1003. And France regrets: see Macaulay, History, chap. xxii.

1020. Villa Vitiosa. At Villa Viciosa Schomberg defeated the Marquis of Caracena, and established the independence of Portugal (1665).

1025 and foll. 'William

appears early to have abandoned in despair the hope of finding an honest man in England.' Fortescue, History of the Army, i. 348.

1032. G...... ns = Godolphin's.

1039. sold our Turky-Fleet: a reference to the loss of the Smyrna fleet. (Macaulay, History, chap. xx.)

...

1040. Talmarsh . . . at Camaret: betrayed by Godolphin and Marlborough. (See Saintsbury's Marlborough, chap. iv.)

1046. A Modern Magistrate: Sir Charles Duncombe.

1052. The Purish-Books: Duncombe was of low descent: see the various accounts of his parentage in the D. N. B.

1057. And gives to God what he has stole from Kings. Duncombe appears to have been Receiver-General of the Excise. (See Beaven, Aldermen of the City of London, ii. 110.) When James II fled to France, Duncombe refused him £1,500 which he wanted to carry him over-sea.

1059. And good St. Magnus &c. See A New View of London, vol. i (1708): 'St. Magnus Church ... Sir Charles Duncombe, Knight, and Alderman of this Ward, gave, in the year 1700, the Clock and Dial, the whole charge amounting to £484.05.04.' I do not know why

St. Magnus is said to 'whistle out' his praises.

1060. To City-Gaols &c. 'While he [Duncombe] was Sheriff many of the unhappy wretches detained in the London prisons for debt were released through his liberality.' (D. N. B. art. Duncombe, Sir Chas.) 1062. Lately he wore &c. Duncombe was elected Sheriff in 1699, and was chosen Alderman of Bridge Ward on May 31, 1700.

1075. A Knight. Duncombe was knighted on Oct. 20, 1699. 1088. B...

well: Alderman Backwell, the banker to whom Duncombe

was apprenticed.

1101 and foll. Till trusted with his All. When Charles II closed the Exchequer in 1672, Backwell lost about £300,000. Duncombe had warning of what was coming and withdrew 'a very great sum' before it was too late, and also £30,000 belonging to the Marquis of Winchester (afterwards Duke of Bolton).

1118. The Publick Trust &c. See note on 1. 1057 above. 1130. Ziba. See 2 Sam. xvi.

1146-7. I do not understand this allusion: nor that to £30,000 in 1. 1129 above.

1152-62. And so to Forg y &c. A demand for the payment into the Exchequer for the public service of £10,000 was made upon him, and instead of paying the demand note in silver, he made up the amount in exchequer bills, then at a discount, and pocketed the difference, about £400. This in itself was not a criminal offence, but it was discovered that the bills had been falsely endorsed as having been a second time issued, and had thus been wrongly credited with an interest of £7. 128. per cent. per annum. Macaulay says that “a knavish Jew" had been employed by Duncombe in forging these "endorsements of names", and that some were "real and some imaginary ". The matter came before the House of Commons on Jan. 25, 1698, and in less than a week Duncombe had been committed a close prisoner to the Tower, had pleaded illness, and after a confession (as was alleged) of his guilt, had been expelled from Parliament. A bill of pains and penalties, by which two-thirds of his property, real and personal, was seized for public uses, passed the Commons on Feb. 26, "after much debate-yeas 139, noes 103." It went to the Upper House, when "three great Tory noblemen," Rochester, Nottingham, and Leeds, headed the opposition, and the Duke of Bolton, remembering Duncombe's good offices in 1672, exerted all his interest on behalf of the accused. After much debate the bill was rejected on March 15 by one vote (yeas 48, noes 49), and Duncombe was immediately set at liberty, only to find himself recommitted to the Tower by the order of the Lower House (March 31, 1698) and kept a prisoner there until Parliament was prorogued on July 7. In the following spring (Feb. 4, 1699) he was tried at the Court of King's Bench "for false endorsing of exchequer bills", but was found not guilty, through a mistake in the information. This was amended in the next term, but "the jury, without going from the bar, found him not guilty" (June 17, 1699) and further proceedings against him were abandoned.' (D. N. B., art. Duncombe, Charles. Cf. Turberville, The House of Lords in the reign of William III, pp. 101-5.

1155. th' Unhappy Tree: the gallows.

1168. Banditti: the trained-bands.

1173. The King commanded &c. In 1698 a Royal proclamation was issued ascribing the spread of vice to the magistrates' neglect to enforce the laws, and commanding them 'to be very vigilant and strict in the discovery and the effectual prosecution and punishment' of all persons guilty of dissolute, immoral, or disorderly practices'.

1174. Miss

M-n'.

: in the edition of 1716 the name is given as 'Miss

1178. Brother Jeffery. The reference is to Sir Jeffrey Jeffreys. Jeffreys and Duncombe were Sheriffs 1699-1700.

1183. sung by ev'ry Bard: see the titles in the article on Duncombe, in the D. N. B.

THE PLAYS OF MR. JOHN GALSWORTHY1

'Art is but the perfected expression of self in contact with | the world.' Mr. Galsworthy's admirable description of Art suggests the explanation of the homogeneous effect of his work. It impresses by its consistency of motive rather than delights by its variety. Mr. Galsworthy is dominated by the idea of existence as a myriad striving towards perfection'; so that every individual has worth, and yet each individual existence must ultimately merge in others. He is an idealist with a passion for the actual; a poet with the philosopher's zest for intellectual wrestling; a Platonist who has learned the lessons of modern biology. Zealous for variety of type, he yet seeks instinctively for analogies rather than for differences between individuals. He demands that the individual shall develop freely within his own limits, unimpeded by external interference; but this development is incomplete unless the limits of the individual can be broken down from within by the power of imaginative sympathy. Both in his prophetic message and in his conception of the function of Art, he stands very close to Shelley. Shelley's eloquent profession of his noble faith might per

1 This paper is based on an address, arranged particularly with a view to illustrative readings, delivered to the Sheffield Playgoers' Club in 1911. It should have been rewritten for its present purpose; but through a misunderstanding, the MS. was sent to the printers unrevised. I have made such additions and corrections as were possible without too desperate ill-treatment of the proofs; for the faults remaining which unhampered revision might have removed, I beg indulgence. I have said nothing of The Little Dream, because I think it should be considered purely as a poem, not as a play.