Seismic and Acoustic Velocities in Reservoir Rocks: Recent developments

acoustic anisotropy applied approximation assumed attenuation average Biot bulk modulus calculated caused clay coefficients composite compressibility compressional constant core correlation cracks decreases density dependence derived determined direction dispersion dynamic effective elastic equation estimated example experimental Figure flow fluid formation fractures frame frequency function Gassmann Geophys Geophysics given grain higher hydrate hydrocarbon increase isotropic km/s laboratory layers limit liquid lower material matrix measured mechanism medium method minerals mixture observed obtained P-wave parameters permeability phase physical pore pore fluid porosity porous predicted present pressure propagation properties range ratio relations relationship reservoir respectively rocks samples sand sandstone saturated sediments seismic shales shear shown solid sound space static stress Table temperature theory tion ultrasonic values versus volume wave wave velocities