A

Abiponians, independent tribes of the, 362.
Abyssinia, various races of, 367.

Acoustic capsule (Gr. akouo to hear, and Lat.
capsula a little cover), 104.

Acrõdus (Gr. akros extreme, and odous a tooth),
osteodentine of the, 273.

Adam's apple, the laryngal prominence, called the
thyroid cartilage, 121, 123.

Ægyptians, race of the, 364.

Afer tribes of Africa, 365.

Africa, the different races of, 364 et seq.

Africans of the northern tropics, 368.

Agow tribes of Africa, 365.

Aino, the, a tribe of the Asiatic Peninsular stock,
325, 326.

Air, sound not merely a vibration of, 116.
Air-tubes in man, 74; in birds, 76.
Albatross, cranial development of the, 261.
Albūmen (Lat. albus white), properties of, 45.
Algebra (Arab. al the, and gabron reduction

of fractions), operations of, 7.

Algonkin tribes of North America, 351, 353.
Alimentary functions, 69, 70, 71.

Alisphenoid bone of the python's skull, 193.
Alkǎlies (Arabic al the, and kali the glass wort

plant), properties of the, 3.

Amazing races of Africa, 365.

Amazon river, various Indian tribes of the, 362.
American groups of populations, 349, 350; the
Eskimos, the Athabaskans, the Algonkins, &c.,
351; the Iriquois, 352; various Indian tribes of
South America, 359 et seq.
Amphicœlian type of vertebræ (Gr. amphi both,
and koilos concave), 202.

Amphinesian populations of the Oceanic group, 342.
Amphiuma, batrachian, (Gr. amphi about, and
hymen a membrane), skeleton and limbs of
the, 242, 243.

Anapophysis (Gr. ana backwards, and apophy-
sis springing from), 169,
Anamese, tribe of the, 309, 310.

Anarrhicas lupus (Gr. the wolf-fish), teeth of the,
271, 272.

Andǎman Islands, population of the, 310.
"Angler," teeth of the fish so called, 271.
Animal economy, importance of the blood in the, 61.

Animal kingdom, composed of materials found on
the earth's crust, 31.

Animal life, on the physiology of, 33 et seq.
Animals distinguished from plants, 35; locomotion
of, 87 et seq.; senses of, 97 et seq.; smell of,
97; sight of, 99; hearing of, 103; their taste,
105; their touch, 106; their instinctive powers,
112; original substance of, 161; extinct races of,
263.

Animals and plants, an agreement existing be-
tween, 34.

Annelida (Lat. annulus a little ring), respira-
tion in the, 78.

Anoplotherium (Gr. anoplos unarmed, and the-
rion a beast), teeth of the, 296.

Ant-eaters, teeth of the, 268; edentulous mam-
mals, 278.

Antennæ of insects, 107.

Anthropotomist (Gr. anthropos a man, and tome
dissection), 211.

Antibrachial bones (Gr. anti against, and bra-
chia arms), 258.

Ape, larynx and voice of the, 142, 143; skeleton
of the, 255, 256; dentition of the, 298.
Apodal (Gr. a and podes wanting feet), 198.
Aponeurotic (Gr. apo from, and neuron a nerve),

membranes so called, 163.

Arachnidians (Gr. arachne a spider), respira-
tion in, 77.

Arachnoid membrane (Gr. arachne and eidos
cobweb-form), the serous membrane of the
brain, 54.

Aramæans, various races of, in Africa, 364.
Archětype of the human skeleton, modifications
of the, 258 et seq.

Arecuna Indians of S. America, 358.

Areolar tissue (Lat. areola a little bed), position
and functions of the, 51; distribution of the, 52.
Arithmetic (Gr. arithmos number), truths of,
self-evident, 7.

Arm, bones of the, 49.

Armadillo, laryngal organs of the, 140; dermal
bones of the, 165; teeth of the, 278.
Armēnians, geographical position of the, 335.
Arru Isles, population of the, 318; their charac-
teristics, 348, 349.

Articular, the bone, of fishes, 178.

Artiodactyla (Gr. artios in even number, and
dactylos finger), family of the, 242; dentition
of the, 300.

Ass, larynx and voice of the, 141.
Assam, mountain tribes of, 312, 314.

Astragalus (Lat. the ankle-bone), 218; of the hind
foot in quadrupeds, 243, 244.
Ataruipe, burial cavern of the, 361.

Atěles (Gr. ateles imperfect), dentition of the, 300.
Athabaskan population of America, 351.
Atlas and axis vertebræ of the crocodile, 201.-
Attacapa Indians, language of the, 354.
Attraction of matter, laws of, 13.
Australia, native population of, 344.
Australian skull, facial angle of the, 262.

B

Balance, principles of the, 11.

Balēna (Lat. a whale), teeth of the, 278.
Bălistes (Gr. balios speckled), dentine of the, 272
Barbarism of the East, 312.

Barracuda fish, formidable dentition of the, 273.
Basioccipital of the python (Gr. basis the base,
and Lat. occiput back of the head), 192.
Basisphenoid bone of the python's skull (Gr. basis
the base, and sphen and eidos wedge-shaped),193
Bask population of France, Spain, and Portugal,370.
Bat, skeleton of the, 249.

Batrachia (Gr. batrachos a frog; circulation of
the blood in the, 64; skeleton of the, 187 et seq.
(see FROG).

Bats, flight of, 94.

Bayanos Indians, of Central America, 357.
Bears, acute smell in, 98.

Bee, respiration in the, 77, 78; eyes of the, 100;
humming of the, 152; thoracic spiracle of the,
152.

Bicuspis (Lat. bis twice, and cuspis a point),
shape of the molars, 298, 299.

Bile (Lat. bilis choler), analysis of the, 71; its
uses, 72.

Billechula Indians of N. America, 355.

Birds, respiration in, 75, 76; progress and deve-
lopment of incubation in the eggs of, 82, 83;
locomotion of, 93; smell in, 98; eyes of, 102;
ears of, 105; their sense of touch, 108; larynx
and voice of, 143 et seq. 149; composition of
their bones, 162; skeleton of, 219 et seq.; wing
bones of,222; pelvis and leg bones of,224; structure
of the foot in, 225; mechanism of flight in, 226.
Bishair tribes of Africa, 366.

Blackbird, song of the, 148.

Blackfoot Indians of N. America, 355.
Blood, formation and circulation of the, 37, 61;
red corpuscles of the, in man and different ani-
mals, 54, 56, 57, 58: effects of drawing, 55;
inflammatory crust of the, ib.; small proportion
of fibrine in, 56; albumen in the, 56; its cor-
puscles colourless, 58; salts of the, 59; its

waste and repair, 59; its importance in the
animal economy, 61; renovation of the, 67; its
sources of renovation, 68; daily addition to the,
71; its purification, 72.

Blue-bottle fly, suckers of the, 89; thoracic spi-
racle of the, 152.

Boa-constrictor, skull of the, 194; jaws of the,
195; section of its skull, 198.
Body, waste and repair of the, 59.
Bolivia, numerous Indian tribes of, 362.
Bones, on the formation and composition of the,
161 et seq.; of the vertebrate animals, 162;
their chemical composition, 163; matter of, va-
riously disposed, ib.; the blastema and cartilage.
of, 165, 166; the primitive basis of, 165; the
growth of, 166; structure of, in different classes
of animals, 167; names of different cells, ib.
(see SKELETON); of the arm, 49; of the fish,
173 et seq.; of the head, general and special
names of, 179; classification of the, 180.
Bonito, teeth of the, 270.

Botany (Gr. botane a plant), utility of, 21.
Bothriolepis (Gr. bothrion a hollow pit, and
lepis a scale), plicidentine of the, 273.
Bottle-nose cetacean, teeth of the, 278.
Bradypus tridactylus (Gr. bradus slow, and pous
a foot; tria three, and daktyloi fingers), bones
of the, 246.

Brahmins, religion of India, 340.

Brain, the upper or anterior division of the great
trunk of the nervous system, 170.

Branchial arches (Gr. branchia the gills), 179.
Branchiostĕgal rays (Gr. brunchia the gills, and
Lat. tego to cover), 177, 181.

Brazil, numerous Indian tribes in the interior of,
362.

Bromine (Gr. bromos fetid), elements of, 43.
Bruta, order of their numerous teeth, 278; denti-
tion of the, 295.

Buddhism, the religion of the Mongolians, 318;
the religion of India, 340.
Bullfinch, song of the, 148.

Burmese, characteristics of the, 313; colour of
the, 311.

Carăpace (Gr. karabos a crab) of the turtle,
214.

Carbon (Lat. carbo coal), elements and proper-
ties of, 42.

Carbonic acid, its transmutations, 87.

Carib Indians of S. America, 357; various tribes
of, 360.

Carnivora (Lat. caro flesh, and voro to devour),
the larynx and voices of the, 142; teeth of the,
281.

Carnivorous mammalia, skeleton of the, 250.
Carpal bones of the cod-fish (Gr. karpos the
wrist), 175, 176; of the crocodile, 211; in man,
258.

Caseine (Lat. caseus cheese), properties of, 45.
Cat, larynx and voice of the. 142.
Catawba tribes of Carolina, 353.
Caudal vertebræ (Lat. cauda the tail), modifica-
tions of the, 182, 204.

Caucasian races, 326 et seq.; physical conforma-
tion and languages of the, 329, 331; the Circas-
sians, 332.

Cebus (Gr. kebus a species of monkey), dentition
of the, 300.

Cellular substance of animals, 161..
Cement of the teeth, 266.

Centrum (Gr. kentron a centre), the centre bone
of the vertebra, 168, 171, 172; of the parietal
vertebra, called busisphenoid, 176; called
presphenoid, 177.

Cephalopods (Gr. kephale a head, and podes
feet), respiration in, 77.

Ceratohyal (Gr. keras a horn, and hualos glass),
177, 181.

Cercopithecus (Gr. kerkos a tail, and pithex
an ape), skeleton of the, 256.

Cestracion (Gr. kestron a dart), osteodentine
of the, 273.

Cetacea, or Cetācians (Gr. kete a whale), voice
of the, 140; limbs of the, 227; skeleton of the,
228.
Cetiosaurus (Gr. kete a whale, and saura a
lizard), vertebræ of the, 202.

Chaco Indians of S. America, 362.
Chatodonts (Gr. chaite a bristle, and odou
a tooth), teeth of the, 270.

Chaffinch, song of the, 148.

Chanáas Indians of S. America, 362.

Charruas Indians of S. America, 362; their savage
characteristics,363; destroyed by the Spaniards,ib.
Chayos Indians of S. America, 362, 363.
Chelonian reptiles (Gr. chelone a tortoise), oste-
ology of the, 203 et seq. (see TORTOISE); mas-
ticating organs of the, 274.

Chemical nature possesses no individuality. 157.
Chemistry (Arab. kimia the occult art, or Gr.
chymos fermented juice or pulp), an inductive
science, 3, 15; relation of art to, 16.
Chemmesyan Indians of N. America, 354.

Chepang, race of the, 313.
Cherokees, of N. America, 353.

379

Chest and lungs, constitute a musical bellows, 119.
Chileno Indians of S. America, 360.
Chimæroids (Gr chimera a monster, and eidos
resemblance), vasodentine of the, 273.

Chimpanzee, larynx and voice of the, 143; cra-
nial development of the, 261, 265; dentition of
the, 298.

Chinese, features and habits of the, 309, 310; dia-
lects of the, 315.

Chinuk Indians of N. America, 351.
Chipewyan Indians of America, 351.
Chiquito Indians of S. America, 362.
Chiriguano Indians of S. America, 359.
Choctas, of N. America, 353.

Chlorine (Gr. chloros green), elements and pro-
perties of, 42.

Cholic acid, 72.

Cholos tribes of Central America, 357.

Chondrine (Gr. chondros a cartilage), proper-
ties of, 46.

Chyle (Gr. chylos juice), different from blood or
lymph, 60; renovation of the blood by, 67; com-
parative quantities of chyle and fæces, 68; ves-
sels of, 37.

Chyme (Gr. chymos juicy pulp), 36.

Cicada (Lat. cicada a grasshopper), musical
sounds of the, 151.

Circassians, language of the, 330, 331.

Circle, area of the, defined, 5; its geometrical
properties, 6.

Circulation of the blood, 61 et seq.

Citherīna (Gr. cithara a harp), teeth of the, 270.
Civilisation, a mental manifestation, 307; of the
East, 312.

Clavicles (Lat. clavis a key), 200.
Coal-field, stratified view of a, 22.
Cobra, skeleton of the, 191.

Cochin-Chinese, features and habits of the, 309,
310.

Cod-fish, bones of the, 173 et seq.; its skull, 174;
its occipital vertebra, 175.

Conchiferous molluses (Lat. concha a shell, and
fero to bear), respiration in, 77.
Condyloid cavity (Gr. kondylos a protuberance,
and eidos resemblance), 224; in birds, 225.
Confluent (Lat. confluens flowing together), 176.
Connate (Lat. con and natus born together), 176.
Consciousness, (Lat. cum and scientia with self-
knowledge), wide signification of, 199.
Consonants, sounds of, 137.

Contractility, the property of a muscular fibre, 49.
Copts, race of the, 364.

Coracoid bone (Gr.korax and eidos crow-like), 175
Coreans, a tribe of the Asiatic Peninsular stock,
325, 326.

Cottoids (Gr. kotte a head, and eidos rosem-
blance), osteodentine of the, 273.

Cotyloid cavity (Gr. kotyle a drinking-cup, and
eidos resemblance), 224.

Crab, its shell a skeleton, 50; red corpuscles of its
blood, 57; its locomotion, 89.

Cranial arches (Lat. cranium the skull), 204.
Cranium (Gr. kranion the skull), application of
the term, 181; its progressive expansion in vari-
ous animals, 261.

Cray-fish, eye of the, 104.

Creek Indians of N. America, 353.
Crickets, sounds produced by, 151.
Crico-arytenoidei postici (Gr. krikos a ring, ary-
taina and eidos ladle-shaped, and Lat. posticus
behind), a muscle of the larynx, 123.
Crico-arytenoidei laterales (see ante), a muscle of
the larynx, 123.

Crico-thyroidei (Gr. krikos a ring, thyros a fold-
ing door, and eitos resemblance), a muscle of
the larynx, 123.

Crocodile, larynx and voice of the, 150; osteology
of the, 200 et seq; skeleton of the, 201, 209; ver-
tebræ of the, 201; vertebræ of extinct species.
201, 202; its skull, 204 et seq.; its skeleton,
209; its limbs, 210, 211; pelvis and hind-limb
of the, 212; its cranial development, 261; its
teeth, 277.

Crucifera (Lat. crux a cross, and fero to bear),

one of the great families of plants, 21; its edible
properties, ib.

Crustaceans (Lat. crusta a shell), circulation of
the blood in, 65; smell of, 97.
Crustaceous animals, respiration in, 77.

Ctenõdus (Gr. odous a tooth), osteodentine of
the, 273.

Cuboides bone (Gr. kubos a cube, and eidos re-
semblance), 218; cuboid of the hind foot in ani-
mals, 243, 244.

Cuckoo, voice of the, 150.

Cumanch population of Mexico, 354.
Cuneiforme, one of the carpal bones, 258.

Curvilinear magnitudes, measure of by rectili-
near, 6.

Cuttle-fish, circulation of blood in the, 66; its
wonderful powers of leaping, 96; eyes of the,
99; its sense of hearing, 103.

Cuvier, Baron, his contempt for metaphysical
theorizing, 260.

Dental systems (see TEETH).
Dentary, the, 178.

Dentinal tissues of the teeth, 265.
Dentine (Lat. dens a tooth), the tissue forming
the body of the tooth, 261; first modification
of, 265; disposition of the, 268; modifications
of, in various genera of fishes, 272, 273; of the
elephant, 291.

Dentition (sce TEETH).

Dermo-skeleton (Gr. derma the skin, and skele-
ton), 163; of the sturgeon, 164; of the armadillo,
&c., 165; chief developments of the, 171; the
cranial bones, the supratemporals, the superorbi-
tals, the suborbitals, the lacrymal, and the labi-
als, 181.

Dialects of the East, 314, 315.

Diamond, known by its angular form, 19.
Diapophyses (Gr. dia across, apo from, and
phusis growth), bones of the vertebra, 168
et seq. sæpe; of parietal vertebra called mas-
toid bone, 176.

Diastema of the horse (Gr. dia between, and
istemi to stand), 235.

Dicynodon lacerticeps (Gr. di two, kuon dog, and
odous a tooth, and Lat. lacerta a lizard), skull
and teeth of the, 276.

Dicynodonts (Gr see ante), dentition of the, 276.
Digestion, process of, 67.

Digestive apparatus of man, 36.

Diodon (Gr. dis double, and odous a tooth), 271,
272.

Diseases, pestilential, 156.

Diver, tarso-metatarse of the, 225.

Dog, mucous membrane of the, 69; cranial deve-
lopment of the, 261.

Dog-rib Indians of America, 351.
Dogs, intellectual noses "
of, 93.

Dolphin, teeth of the, 278.

Dorachos, ancient inhabitants of the, 356; ex-
tinct, 357.

Doves, voices of the, 150.

Duck, wild, bill and tongue of the, 108; skeleton
of the, 222; quill feathers of the, 223,
Dugong, skeleton of the, 229.

Dumbness, origin of, 115; caused by the absence
of hearing, 139.

Duodenum (Lat. duodeni twelve), a species of
second stomach, 36, 71.

D

Daho-Dinni Indians of America, 351.

Daourian Tungusians, tribes of the, 320.

Death, caused by the cessation of any one of the
vital functions, 38.

Deity, omnipotence and benevolence of the, 32, 96,
112.

Dendrodentine (Gr. dendron a tree, and Lat. dens
a tooth), in fishes, 273.

Dendrŏdus (Gr. dendron a tree, and odous a
tooth), dendrodentine of the, 273.

E

Ear, use of its external appendages, 105.

East, civilisation and barbarism of the, 312;
mountain tribes of the, ib.; dialects of the, 314;
primary divisions of the races of the, 316.
Ectocalcaneal (Gr. ektos out of, and calcaneum
the heel), 225.

Ectocarótid canal (Gr. ekto out of, and karos
stupor), 235.