Tanner trated a very large army for the reconquest of East Prussia. General Samsonoff, who had been in command of the southern army, pressed on through Allenstein, with intent to reach the Vistula. To succeed in this it was necessary to pass through a belt of difficult country, abounding in lakes, marshes, and woods around Osterode, Tannenberg, and Eylau. It was here that Hindenburg with his intimate knowledge of the swampy land gave battle to the Russians. The Battle of Tannenberg lasted three days, and a quarter of a million men were in action on each side. On the 30th of August the Russian flank was turned, and the enveloping movement was carried on during the night. On the 31st the collapse of the line began. As the Russians gave way under the converging pressure of front and flank attacks they found that it was a difficult matter to extricate themselves from the wilderness of woods, lakes and marshes in which they had given battle. Three Russian generals fell in the final struggle: Samsonoff, Postitsch, and Martos. The Germans claimed that of the five army corps which formed the enemy's main battle line they destroyed three and a half. It was the most complete victory won by the Germans in the opening phase of the war and resulted in a precipitate evacuation of East Prussia by the invaders. Rennenkampf fought a heroic rearguard action, falling back by way of Gumbinnen, recrossing the frontier and retreating to the Niemen, where large reinforcements awaited. HENRY OSSAWA (1859- ), Tanner, an American painter, son of Benjamin Tucker Tanner, bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. He was born at Pittsburgh, Pa., and began his studies at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts under Thomas Eakins; later a pupil of Jean Paul Laurens and Benjamin Constant of Paris. He specialized in religious subjects. He is represented in the Luxembourg (Raising of Lazarus'), the Wilstach Collection, Philadelphia ('Annunciation'), Carnegie Institute (Christ at the Home of Mary and Martha), and the Chicago Art Institute (The Two Disciples at the Tomb'). He is an Associate of the National Academy. Tanner's Sumach. See Coriaria. Tannhäuser (tån'hoi-zer), or TANHÄUSER, in old German legend, a knight who gains admission into a hill called the Venusberg, in the interior of which Venus holds her court, and who for a long time remains buried in sensual pleasures, but at last listens to Tanning the the voice of the Virgin Mary, whom he Tanning (tan'ing), the operation of Tanrec Taoism rare me they are subjected to certain operations an old popular medicine. It is now culalready described under Leather, after tivated in gardens mainly for the young which the tanning proper begins. The leaves, which are shredded down and emvarious substances used for tanning are ployed to flavor puddings, cakes, etc. oak, fir, mimosa, and hemlock bark, su- Tanta (täntä), a town of Lower mach, myrobalans, divi-divi, valonia-nuts, Egypt, situated on the railway cutch, kino, gambir, and oak-galls all about 50 miles N. of Cairo. It has many of which contain tannin. The impregna- large public buildings, besides a palace of tion of the hides with this tannin may the Khedive, and is celebrated in connecbe effected either by placing them be- tion with the great Moslem saint Seyyidtween layers of bark (oak bark being the el-Bedawi, to whom a mosque is here best) in a vat filled with water, or steep- erected. Tanta has three great annual ing them in a liquor containing a small fairs, which are held in January, April, at first, but steadily increasing propor- and August, and at the latter 500,000 pertion of tannin throughout a series of pits. sons are said to congregate from the surThis liquor usually consists of water in rounding countries. Pop. (1907) 54,437. which the ground or crushed tanning Tantalum (tan'ta-lum), a material has been steeped. The raw hide tallic element discovered takes about a year to prepare it for the in the Swedish minerals tantalite and best quality of leather. There is also a yttro-tantalite; chemical symbol Ta, atomprocess called tawing, which is employed ic weight 182. It was long believed to chiefly in the preparation of the skins of be identical with niobium, but their sepasheep, lambs, goats, and kids. In this rate identity has been established. process the skins are steeped in a bath of alum, salt, and other substances, and they are also sometimes soaked in fish-oil. The more delicate leathers are treated in this manner, those especially which are used for wash-leathers, kid gloves, etc. After the leather is tanned it is finished for use by the process of currying (which see). Various improvements have been attempted to be made in the art of tanning, such as the preparation of the skins by means of metallic solutions instead of by vegetable tan-liquor; the forced absorption of the tan by applying pressure between cylinders; and the preparation of the skins by a chemical agent, so as to induce a quicker absorption of the tan. It has been found, however, that the slow process followed by the old tanners produces leather far superior to that produced by the new and more rapid methods, though a fair leather for certain purposes may be produced in five to ten weeks. Tantalus (tan'ta-lus), in Greek my- Tansy (tan'zi Tanacetum vulgare), is The Tantrikas, or followers of the tan a genus of wading birds of the heron family. T. loculator is the wood-ibis of America, which frequents extensive swamps, where it feeds on serpents, young alligators. frogs, and other reptiles. The African tantalus (T. ibis) was long regarded as the ancient Egyptian ibis, but it is rare in Egypt, belonging chiefly to Senegal, Tanrec (tan'rek), or TENREC (Cen- and is much larger than the true ibis. tétes), a genus of insectivo- Tantras (tantras), a name of certain rous mammals, resembling in outward apSanskrit sacred books, each pearance the European hedgehog, they of which has the form of a dialogue bebeing covered with bristles about an inch tween Siva and his wife. The tantras in length. These animals inhabit Mada- are much more recent productions than gascar. They hibernate like the Euro- the Vedas, the oldest being long posterior pean hedgehog, and live in burrows. even to the Christian era, although their which they excavate by means of their believers regard them as a fifth Veda, of strong claws. equal antiquity and higher authority. tras, indulge in mystical and impure rites in honor of Siva. Taoism, or TAOUISM (tā'ō-izm, tou'izm), a religious system formed in China by Lao-tse. He taught a comparatively pure morality, but in its later developments his doctrine is too a well-known plant, being abundant throughout Europe and naturalized in the United States. It is a tall plant, with divided leaves and button-like heads of yellow flowers. Every part of the plant is bitter, and it is considered as tonic and anthelmintic, tansy-tea being Taormina Tape-worms often associated with magical rites and tory.) The term tapestry is also apsuperstitious observances. See Lao-tze. plied to a variety of woven fabrics hav Taormina (tá-or-me'nå), town, ing a multiplicity of colors in their a province of Messina, Sicily, design, which, however, have no other on Monte Tauro, overlooking the Strait characteristic of true tapestry. The of Messina. Its chief interest is in the name of tapestry carpet is given to a ancient theater, sepulchers, reservoirs, showy and cheap two-ply or ingrain etc., which are still in good preservation. carpet, the warp or weft being printed It is a favorite place of resort for travel- before weaving so as to produce the figers. Pop. 4351. ure in the cloth. the name common to Taos (tä'os), the name of a district and town of New Mexico, about Tapeti (tap'e-ti), the Brazilian hare, the Lepus Brasiliensis, the only 50 miles N. of Santa Fé, watered by the hare inhabiting South America. Rio de Taos, a tributary of the Rio Tape-worms, certain internal paraGrande. Here is a fine example of the pueblo Indian architecture, of prehistoric date, yet still inhabited by a large number of Indians. This was the seat of the first Territorial government, was the residence of Kit Carson and Colonel Burt, and has now a town of about 500 inhabitants, a market-place for the Indian farmers surrounding. Tapajos (tá-pa-zhōs'), a river of Bra- with a circlet of hooks or suckers, which zil, which flows through the province of Para, and enters the Amazon after a northward course of nearly 1200 miles. Tapestry (tap'es-tri), a kind of sites (Entozoa) constituting the order Cestoidea or Tæniada of the sub-kingdom Annuloida, found in the mature state in the alimentary canal of warm-blooded vertebrates. Tape-worms are composed of a number of flattened joints or segments, the anterior of which, or head (which is the true animal), is furnished enable it to maintain its hold on the mucous membrane of the intestines of its host. The other segments, called proglottides, are simply generative organs budded off by the head, the oldest being woven hangings of wool and furthest removed from it, and each consilk, often enriched with gold and silver, taining when mature male and female with worked designs, representing fig- organs. The tape-worm has neither ures of men, animals, landscapes, etc., mouth nor digestive organs, nutrition beand formerly much used for lining or ing effected by absorption through the covering the walls and furniture of apart- skin. The length of the animal varies ments, churches, etc. Tapestry is made from a few inches to several yards. The by a process intermediate between weav- ova do not undergo development in the ing and embroidery, being worked in a animal in which the adult exists. They web with needles instead of a shuttle. require to be swallowed by some other Short lengths of thread of the special warm-blooded vertebrate, the ripe progcolors required for the design are worked lottides being expelled from the bowel in at the necessary places and fastened of the host with all their contained ova at the back of the texture. In Flanders, fertilized. The segments or proglottides particularly at Arras (whence the term decompose and liberate the ova, which are arras, signifying tapestry '), during the covered with a capsule. After being fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the art swallowed the capsule bursts and an was practiced with uncommon skill. embryo, called a proscolex, is liberated. The art of weaving tapestry was intro- This embryo, by means of spines, perfoduced into England near the end of rates the tissues of some contiguous Henry VIII's reign. During the reign organ, or of a blood-vessel, in the latter of James I a manufactory was estab- case being carried by the blood to some lished at Mortlake, which continued till solid part of the body, as the liver or the beginning of the eighteenth century. brain, where it surrounds itself with a Recently a royal school of tapestry has cyst, and develops a vesicle containing a been established at Windsor, and some fluid. It is now called a scolex or excellent work has been done by Mr. W. hydatid, and formerly was known as the Morris at Merton (Surrey). The first cystic worm. The scolex is incapable of manufacture of tapestry at Paris was set further development till swallowed and up under Henry IV, in 1606 or 1607, by received a second time into the alimenseveral artists whom that monarch in- tary canal of a warm-blooded vertebrate. vited from Flanders. But the most cele- Here it becomes the head of the true brated of all the European tapestry tape-worm, from which proglottides are manufactures was that of the Gobelins, developed posteriorly by gemmation, and instituted under Louis XIV. (See we have the adult animal with which the Bayeux Tapestry and Gobelins Manufac- cycle begins. Eight true tape-worms oc Tapioca Tar cur in man, Tania solium, the cystic throughout Europe, and among them is form of which produces the measles of a gigantic species, T. giganteus, Cuvier, the pig, being the most common. An- which in size must have nearly equaled other, T. mediocanellata, is developed the elephant. from the scolex, which causes measles in Tapping (tap'ing), or PARACENTE the ox. The tape-worm of the dog, T. serrata, is the adult form of the scolex which produces staggers in sheep. T. Echinococcus of the dog produces hydatids in man, through the development in man of its immature young. In all cases the only conclusive sign of tape-worm is the passage of one or part of one in the fæces. One mode of treatment for this disorder is, for an adult, a teaspoonful of the extract of male-fern. A few hours thereafter a strong dose of castor-oil should be taken. Tapioca (tap-i-o'ka), SIS, a surgical operation commonly performed for dropsy, but also for empyema, and for the relief of other morbid effusions in natural or accidental cavities of the body. It consists in piercing the wall of the cavity with an instrument, commonly a trocar or a bistoury. The fluid usually flows out, but it is sometimes necessary to use an instrument which acts as a syringe. the (ta-prob'a-nē), Taprobane cient name of Ceylon. See Ceylon. an Tapti, or TAPTEE (täp'tē), a river in a farinaceous substance prepared from casHindustan, rises in the Nersava meal, which, while moist or damp, budda division of the Central Provinces, has been heated for the purpose of dry- and after a course of about 460 miles ing it on hot plates. By this treatment falls by several mouths into the Gulf the starch-grains swell, many of them of Cambay, 20 miles below Surat and burst, and the whole agglomerates in 30 miles south of the mouth of the small irregular masses or lumps. In Nerbudda. boiling water it swells up and forms a viscous jelly-like mass. See Cassava. Tapir (taper), the name of ungulate or hoofed animals forming the family Tapiride. The nose resembles a short fleshy proboscis; there are four toes to the fore-feet, and three to the hind ones. The common South American tapir (Tapirus americanus) is the size of a small ass, with a brown skin, nearly naked. It inhabits forests, lives much in the water, conceals itself during the day, and feeds on vegetable substances. There are several other Ameri Taqua-nut (ta'kwa), the seed or nut Tar (tår), a thick, dark-colored, viscid product obtained by the destructive distillation of organic substances and bituminous minerals, as wood, coal, peat, shale, etc. Wood-tar, such as the Archangel, Stockholm, and American tars of commerce, is obtained by burning billets of wood slowly in a conical cavity at the bottom of which is a cast-iron pan into which the tar exudes. Wood-tar is also obtained as a by-product in the destructive distillation of wood for the manufacture of wood-vinegar (pyroligneous acid) and wood-spirit (methyl alcohol). It has an acid reaction, and contains various liquid matters, of which the principal are methyl-acetate, acetone, hydrocarbons of the benzene series, and can species. The T. malayanus or in- a number of oxidized compounds, as dicus is found in the forests of Malacca carbolic acid. Paraffin, anthracene, and Sumatra. It is larger than the naphthalene, chrysene, etc., are found American species, and is a most conspicu- among its solid products. It possesses ous animal from the white back, rump, valuable antiseptic properties, owing to and belly contrasting so strongly with the the creasote it contains, and is used exdeep sooty black of the rest of the body tensively for coating and preserving as, at a little distance, to give it the timber, iron, and cordage. Coal-tar, aspect of being muffled up in a white which is largely obtained in gas manusheet. Fossil tapirs are scattered facture, is also valuable inasmuch as it Malay Tapir (Tapirus malayanus). Tara Tarare a swift, whirling Italian dance in is extensively employed in the production Tarantella (tar-an-tel'a), same manner. Tara Fern, a species of fern (Pteris esculenta) from the root or rhizome of which a flour was obtained which formerly made a staple article of food for the natives of New Zealand. six-eight measure. nary, and several hospitals. The manu- Tarai (ta-ri'; 'moist land'), a moist the Mokau, and the titaniferous iron- Oria Manduria a muslin and gloves. There is now proposal for making Taranto a station of the Italian navy. The ancient Tarentum was founded by the Greeks in B.C. 708, and became a powerful city. It was captured by the Romans B.C. 272, and remained a notable Roman town until the downfall of the empire. Pop. 50,592. Tarantass (tar-an-tas'), a large covered traveling carriage without springs, but balanced on long poles which serve the purpose, and without seats, much used in Russia. Tarantula (ta-ran'tü-la), a kind of spider, the Lycosa tarantula, found in some of the warmer parts of Italy. When full grown it is about the size of a chestnut, and is of a brown color. Its bite was at one time supposed to be dangerous, and to cause a kind of dancing disease; it is now known not to be worse than the sting of a common wasp. In America the term is given to the large mygalid spiders. Tarapacá (tä-rå-på-kä' ), a coast province of Northern Chile, containing deposits of niter and borax and silver mines; area, 18,131 square miles. Capital, Iquique. Pop. 101,105. Tarare (tå-rär), a town of France, in the department of the Rhone, 20 miles northwest of Lyons. Silks, velvets, and muslins are made. Pop. 11,791. |