285, n. (a).

on subject contrary to foreign laws,
iii. 263-266.

how affected by usage, iii. 260 and

note.

when amounts to a lease, iv. 105.
(Sce Infants, Married Women, Lu-
natics, Insanity, Intoxication, Idiocy,
Duress, Lex Loci, Domicil, Damages,
Interest, Remedies, Consideration.)
Contingent remainders, iv. 206.

(See Remainders.)
Contributions, levied by an enemy, i. 92.

to general average, iii. 231, 232, 233.
in cases of collision, iii. 231, 232 and

notes.

by sureties, iii. 86, note, iv. 370,
371.

among insurers, iii. 280, 281.

to party-walls, iii. 437, 438.

to division fences, iii. 538, 539.

between owners of encumbered es-
tate, 179, note.

by joint owners, iv. 370.
Convention of states in 1786, i. 218.

of states in 1787, i. 218.

Conversion, equitable, ii. 230, n. (c), 476,
n. (e).

by one tenant in common, ii. 350, ns.
(g), (1) and (2).

of, from one form to another, ii. 364,
365.

Conveyance, voluntary, when void, iv. 463.
(See Deed.)

Coparceners, defined, iv. 366. (See Ten-
ants.)

Copyright, requisites to the vesting of, ii.
373, 380.

French law, relative to, ii. 376, n. (d).
what is a publication of, ii. 378.
right of foreigners to, ii. 379, ns. (e)
and (3).

when publication enjoined, ii. 380-
382.

in translations and abridgments, ii.
381, 382.

as affected by quotations, ii. 382, 383.
right of assignee of, ii. 383, n. (c).
Copyrights, ii. 373-384.

statutes of United States relative to,
ii. 373-375, 376, n. (d), 383, ns. (b)
and (c), 384.

Corporations, ii. 268. (See Stockholders.)
where deemed to exist, i. 346, 347, ii.
285, ns. (a) and (1).

members of, considered as one person,
ii. 268.

history of, ii. 268–272.

foreign, may sue, &c., 284 and ns. (b)
and (d), 340, n. (13).

statute of N. Y. relative to, ii. 272,
273 and notes.

restrictions upon the formation of, ii.
272.

nies, ii. 272, n. (5).

limitations in the period of charters

of, 272, ns. (c) and (7).

personal responsibility of members,
ii. 272, ns. (d), (8) and (9), 311.
various kinds of, ii. 273-277.
sole, what, ii. 273.

aggregate, what, ii. 274.
ecclesiastical, what, ii. 274.

rights and authorities of, ii. 288, n. (4)
lay, what, ii. 274.

franchise of, not to be sold, ii. 284, n.
(b).

civil, what, ii. 275, 304.
eleemosynary, what, ii. 274, 275, 304.
public, what, ii. 275, 277, 304.
private, what, ii. 274, 275, 304.
municipal, liability of, ii. 295, n. (b),
274, 275, 278 and n. (g).

cannot delegate its powers to another
corporation, ii. 292, n. (4).

what act creates, ii. 275, 276, 277.
may exist by prescription, ii. 276, 277.
acts creating, must be accepted, ii.
277.

ordinary powers of, ii. 277, 278.
municipal powers, ii. 275, 278, 279.
quasi, ii. 278, 279.

profits of, may be divided or accumu-
lated, ii. 278 n. (c).

personal responsibility of members of,
ii. 278, n. (g), 272, ns. (d), (8), (9),
(10).

powers and duties of, acting as trus-
tees, ii. 279-281.

power of, to hold lands, ii. 281-283.
capacity of, to sue and be sued, ii.

283-285 and notes.

liability of, for acts of agents, ii. 290,
291, ns. (d), (3).

liability, on implied promises, ii. 289,
290, 291.

liability of, for injuries and negli
gences, ii. 284, ns. (a), (1), (2), 290,
ns. (a), (2).

railroad, (see Railroads.)

'right of, to hold to charitable use, ii.
285-288 and notes.

power of, to make contracts, ii. 288-
291 and notes.

contracts of ultra vires, ii. 291, n. (3).
when required to use seal, ii. 288-291.
may be indicted for misfeasance, ii.
290, n. (a).

liable for trespass, ii. 284, 290, ns. (a)
and (2).

liable for taxes, ii. 290, n. (a).
name of, ii. 291, 293.

no power to change name, ii. 291, n
(4).

power of, to elect members and make
by-laws, ii. 293–297.

officers of, when and how elected, ii.
293, 294.

must act, ii. 293.

power of, to remove members, ii. 297,
298.

right of members to inspect corporate
book, ii. 296, n. (d).

powers of, strictly construed, ii. 297–
300.

liable to visitation, ii. 800-305.

right of, to forfeit stock, ii. 312 and n.
(c).

charter of, when subject to legislative
control, ii. 306.

dissolution of, ii. 305–315.
legislative repeal, checked, ii. 307.
legislative repeal, consequences of, at
common law, ii. 307.

legislative repeal, how affected, ii.
306-308.

legislative repeal, how affected in
New York, ii. 313, n. (c).
legislative repeal does not exist until
judicially ascertained, ii. 312-315.
franchise of, forfeited by misuser, ii.
312-314.

effect of insolvency of, ii. 314, 315.
right of, to make assignments, ii. 315

and ns. (g) and (3).

excepted from statute of wills, iv.
507.

devises to, for charitable uses, when
valid, iv. 507.

Corruption of blood, ii, 386.

Counsel in Courts of U. S., i. 306, 307.
Counterfeit coin, bringing it into the U. S.,

punishable by congress, i. 432,

note.

Courtesy, what, ii. 130, (see Husbands.)
estate by, iv. 27-35, (see Tenant and
Waste.)

estate by, defined, iv. 27, 28.
estate by, in a use, iv. 30, 31.
estate by, when it vests, iv. 30.
estate by, in wife's separate property
and equitable estates, iv. 30, 31.
estate by, not lost by husband's adul-
tery, iv. 34.

Courts, may declare laws unconstitutional,
i. 448, 454.

Courts, federal, how far common-law juris-
diction in criminal cases, i. 331-340,
352.

principles of common law applied in,
i. 336, 337.

jurisdiction of criminal cases in admi-
ralty, i. 340, 341.
jurisdiction of military and naval
crimes and offences, i. 341, n. (a).
how far common law and state laws
are rules of decision in, i. 341, 342,

note.

jurisdiction when an alien is a party,
i. 243, 344.

jurisdiction of, against person not in
the district, i. 344.

zens of different states, i. 344.
when a party is a corporation, i. 346

347.

right of U. S. to sue in, i. 347.

right of trustee to sue in, i. 348,
349.

right of assignee to sue in, i. 349.
foreign corporations may sue in, i.
347.

inhabitants of District of Columbia
may not sue in, i. 349.
inhabitans of territories may not sue
in, i. 349.

jurisdiction, when state a party in
interest, i. 350-352.

state not to be sued by individuals in,
i. 350.

agents of states may be sued in, i.
350, 351.

jurisdiction of, in admiralty, (see Ad-
miralty Courts, Admiralty Jurisdic-
tion.)

jurisdiction over ceded territories, i.
383, 384.

proceedings and execution in, regu-
lated by congress, i. 394.

process and decisions, how affected
by state laws, i. 394, 395.

Circuit, of U. S., (see Circuit, Superior, and
State Courts.)

Court of Claims of U. S., jurisdiction of, i.
296, note.

judgments not binding till confirmed,
i. 297, note.

congress may overrule decisions of, i.
297, note.

Courts-Martial, naval jurisdiction of, i.
341, 362, note, 363, note.
Covenant, to repair when building is burnt.
iii. 468.

to pay debt of another, not within
statute of frauds, ii. 510, n. (2).
to pay mortgage interest confined to
land, iv. 145 and note.

to stand seised to uses, iv. 492, 493.
Covenants, to restore premises, how affect-
ed by fire, iii. 466, note, 468.
for renewal of leases, iv. 108, 109.
not to assign without license, obliga-
tion of, iv. 124.
mutual, iv. 125, n. (1).

to convey land, iv. 450.
in deeds, iv. 468, 469.

not implied in deeds by law of New
York, iv. 469-474.

usual covenants in deeds, iv. 471.
real, iv. 468-470.

running with the land, iv. 109, 471,
472, 473.

measure of damages on covenants as
to lands, iv. 474-478.

breaches on, how assigned, iv. 479
Crassa negligentia, ii. 560.
Credit, given by agents, ii. 622

iv. 311, n. (b).

cannot reach salary, iv. 431, n. (e).
origin of, ii. 443, n. (e).

Crimes at sea, under statutes of United
States, i. 360–364.

Criminal cases, jurisdiction of, in federal
courts, 331, (see Federal Courts.)
Criminal jurisdiction, (see Courts, Federal
District Courts,) i. 331.

Criminals, duty of surrender of, i. 36 and

notes.

Crop, in ground, iii. 477, iv. 95 and notes,
467, 468.

may be distrained, iii. 477, 478.
its emblements, iv. 73.

Cross, remainder, iv. 201, 202.
Cruise, right of, i. 95.

when cruiser liable as pirate, i. 100.
with double commission, i. 100.
Custom, (see Usage.)

Custom-house, goods delivered at, as affect-
ing right of stoppage in transitu, ii.
547.
Custom-house documents, (see Merchant Ves-
sels,) iii. 139.

Cy-pres, doctrine of, ii. 288, n. (a), iv. 508
and n. (b).

D.

Damages, measure of, on bills of exchange,
iii. 115.

measure of, to person and character,
ii. 15, note.

general law, as to, ii. 15, note.
for marine torts, i. 360, 364, n. (c).
rule in American states, on bills of
exchange, iii. 116-120.

on breach of contract, ii. 480, n. (b),
509, ns. (f), (2) and (3).

on breach of warranty, ii. 480, n. (b).
where a penalty, and when liquidated,
ii. 481, n. (2).

on partial loss in insurance, iii. 336,
337.

goods sold by master of vessel, how
valued, iii. 175.

against a carrier of passengers, ii. 600,
601.

against carrier of goods, ii. 598-611.
against an agent, ii. 626, note.

on bills according to law, where
drawn or indorsed, ii. 460.

in dower, iv. 67-69.

value of goods lost by jettison, iii.
240.

value of ship, how estimated on gen-

eral average, iii. 242.

for fraudulent acts, iv. 477, n. (a).
measure of, in covenants as to lands,
iv. 474-477.

measure of, for wrongful sales by fac-
tors, ii. 642, n. (3).

284, n. (a), iii. 436, n. (c).

measure of, in cases of tort, ii. 15, n.
(a).

Dams of water, iii. 440, 446, n. (a).
Day, whether inclusive or exclusive, iv.
95, n. (b).

Days of grace, on bills, according to law,
where made, ii. 459, 460, iii. 100.
Death, punishment of, ii. 13.

wound of a ship, iii. 308 and n. (a).
presumption of, in distributing prop-
erty, ii. 434-436.

Debt, antecedent, when a good considera-
tion, iii. 81, ns. (b) and (2).

when discharged by negotiable paper,
iii. 86, ns. (b) and (8).

(See, also, Confiscation and Priority.)
Debtors, (see Absconding and Absent Debtors,
Insolvency.)

Debts, when heir compelled to pay, iv.
419-422.

primary fund for payment of, iv. 420,
421.

of marshalling of assets, iv. 421, 422.
assumption of state, i. 394, note.
order of payment of, ii. 416.
Deceit, writ of, 483, n. (ƒ).

Declaration of Independence, i. 208, 209.
Declaration of war, mode and form of, i. 51.
Decrees, affecting real property in other
states, ii. 463, n. (d).

in chancery, effect of, ii. 387, n. (1).
when liens, in the settlement of es-
tates, ii. 426, n. (d).
Decisions, (see Adjudications.)
Deck, (see Cargo.)

Dedication, by government of public place,
iii. 428, n. (b).

facts constituting dedication of street,

iii. 433, n. (a), 450 and notes.
valid, without grantee in esse, iii. 450.
what time of user sufficient to make,
iii. 450, 451.

whether acceptance by public neces-
sary, iii. 451, ns. (c) and (3).

Deed, language to be taken strongly
against party using it, ii. 556, 557.
title by, iv. 441, 442.

lex loci, governs, iv. 441, n. (b).
history of alienation, iv. 441, 442.
subinfeudations, iv. 443, 444.
statute de donis, iv. 444.

quia emptores, iv. 444, 445.

who may alien or purchase, iv. 446.
lands held adversely, not to be pur-
chased, iv. 446, 449.

champerty and maintenance, iv, 449.,
450.

1. Of the execution of a deed, iv. 450-453.
definition of, iv. 450.

must be in writing, by statute of
frauds, iv. 450.

what interests within statute, iv. 450,
451.

cution, iv. 451, 452.

seal necessary, iv. 451.

what is sufficient seal, iv. 452, 453.
delivery essential, iv. 454.

in escrow, iv. 455.

how made, iv. 455, 456.

how far assent of grantee is neces-
sary, iv. 454, 455.

record of, iv. 456, 459.

want of record, effect of, iv. 456.
witnesses to, how many requisite, iv.
458.

certificate of proof of, how made, iv.
458.

2. Component parts of, iv. 460.

form of deeds, iv. 460.

form of Egyptian deed, iv. 462. n.
(a).

essential parts, iv. 461.

parties, how described, iv. 462.
consideration, iv. 462.

voluntary conveyances, when void,
iv. 463.

good or valuable consideration, iv.
464.

consideration need not be expressed,
iv. 465.

description of the estate, iv. 466.
rules for construing description, iv.
466-468.

reservation and exception in, iv. 468.
habendum, what, iv. 468.

usual covenants in, iv. 468, 471.
lineal and collateral warranty, iv. 469.
when covenants shall not be implied,
iv. 469.

covenants running with the land, iv.
472, 473.

measure of damages on the cove-
nants, iv. 474-480.

breaches, how assigned, iv. 479.
3. Several species of conveyances, iv. 480.
1. Feoffment, iv. 480.

seisin, what, iv. 482, 483.
disseisin, iv. 482-489.

effect of feoffment in working
disseisin, iv. 482-489.

2. Grant, iv. 490.

to what subjects applicable, iv.
490.

attornment, what and when nec-

essary, iv. 490, 491.

3. Covenant to stand seised to uses, iv.
492, 493.

consideration of, iv. 493.

4. Lease and release, iv. 494.
history of, iv. 494.

5. Bargain and sale, iv. 495.
consideration necessary, iv. 496.
6. Fines and recoveries, iv. 497.
history and nature of, iv. 497.
cancellation of, does not revest
estate, iv. 194, n. (b).
De facto, officers, ii. 295, ns. (b) and (3).

Defeasance, (see Mortgage.)

Degrees of consanguinity, (see Descent.)
Del credere, commission, what, ii. 624, 625
Delictum, i. 86, 123, 151, 152.

Delivery, essential to pledge, ii. 577, 578.
as affecting the rights of stoppage in
transitu, ii. 553, 554.

(See Gifts, Acceptance, Decd.)
when to be made, ii. 493.
at port of delivery, iii. 214.
under statute of frauds, ii. 493, 496,
504, n. (c).

of part, whether good for the whole,
ii. 494, 495, 501 and notes.
conditional, ii. 497, 498.

under the civil law, ii. 498.
when to agent, equivalent to prin-
cipal, ii. 499, 500.

to carrier, ii. 499.

symbolical, when sufficient, ii. 500,
501, 502, 503.

according to subject-matters, ii. 500-

503.

of articles to be manufactured, ii. 504
and n. (c).

of ship being built, ii. 504, n. (c).
to and by carrier, ii. 499, 604.
where to be made, ii. 505-508.
of specific articles, ii. 506, 509.
sale without, void as to creditors, ii.
515–531.

want of, as evidence of fraud, (see
Fraud.)

at wharf, when sufficient, ii. 605 and
n. (c).

Demurrage, what, iii. 203.
Deposition, (see Bailments.)
Deposit of title deeds, iv. 150.

involuntary, ii. 568, n. (9).
Deputation, ii. 633 and notes, iii. 455-457.
Deputy Marshal, is officer of Dist. Court,

i. 311.

amenable to its jurisdiction, i. 311,

note.

Derelict, title to goods, ii. 357.
Descent, title by, iv. 373-422.

defined, iv. 374. *

first rule of, lineal, in equal degree, iv.
375.

in United States, iv. 375, 379.
under the Roman and French laws, iv.
379-381.

ancestor must be seised, iv. 385, 386.
as affected by rule of primogeniture,
(see Primogeniture.)

of estates acquired by deed and by
purchase, iv. 386-389.
second rule of, iv. 390.

per stirpes and per capita, iv. 391, 392.
third rule of, iv. 392.

when estate goes to the father, or
comes through him, iv. 393-397.
of half-blood, iv. 393, 394, n. (g), 403
405, 406.

fourth rule of, iv. 400.

when intestate dies, leaving no par-
ents, iv. 400.

of collaterals, iv. 401.

of being heir of persons last seised, iv.
405, 406.

on failure of lineal descendants, iv.
407, 408.

fifth rule of, iv. 407.

sixth rule of, iv. 408.
seventh rule of, iv. 409.
eighth rule of, iv. 409.

in the several states, iv. 409, 411.
general features of the common law
of, iv. 411.

of posthumous children, (see Chil-
dren.)

new rules of, in England, iv. 395, n.
(b), 403 and n. (a).

of computing degrees of consanguin-
ity, iv. 412, 413.

to illegitimate children, iv. 413-417.
as affected by advancement to heirs,
iv. 417-419.

estate by, makes heir liable for debts,
iv. 419-422.

of right of common, iii. 409.
acquisition of title by, founded
justice, ii. 325, 326.
Description of estate, in deeds, iv. 466.

in

rules of construction of, iv. 466-468.
Desertion of a ship, iii. 198.

in a foreign port, iii. 199, n. (d).
Despatches to the enemy, i. 152.
Detinue, action of, ii. 241 and n. (g).
Deviation, on voyage, effect on common
carrier, iii. 209.

in insurance, what is, iii. 312.
what justifies, iii. 313.
(See Insurance.)

Devise, lapsed, iv. 541, 542.

powers to executors, iv. 324-326 and
n. (e), 327.

survivorship, referred to testator's
death, iv. 202, n. (ƒ).

to corporations when good, ii. 285-
288.

not void for misnomer, ii. 292.

for payment of debts, iv. 422, n. (d).
execution of power by, iv. 327.
(See Will.)

Devisee, not bound to accept, iv. 533, 534.
Devises, executory, iv. 264-287.

defined, iv. 264.

history of, iv. 264-267.

268-271.

of limitations to, and when too re-
mote, iv. 271, 272.

when future estate construed as, iv.
270-272.

of dying without issue, in respect to
real estate, iv. 273, 281, n. (a).
when void as a limitation over, iv.
273-281.

effect of release of an expectant es-
tate by, iv. 279, n. (3).

of dying without issue as to chattels,
iv. 281-283.

limitations of personal property, how

far supported, iv. 282 and n. (a),
283.

when it creates estate tail, iv. 279 and
n. (e), 283.

effect of, which does not pass the
freehold, iv. 284.

of real and personal property, as to
limitation, iv. 282 and n. (a).
may be assigned or devised, iv. 284.
time of accumulation under, in New
York, iv. 286.

when rents and profits pass by, iv.
286, 287.

as distinguished from uses, iv. 295,
296.

Dilapidation, iv. 82 and n. (d), 110 and

notes.

Diligence, defined, ii. 561, 562.
Direct tax, i. 254, 255, (see Taxes.)
Directors, authority to bind corporations,
ii. 300 and n. (1).

have no authority to suspend corpo-
rate business, ii. 312, n. (ƒ).
are declared trustees on dissolution
of corporation in New York, 308, n
(a).
Disclosure, (see Representation, Warranty.
Fraud.)

Discontinuance of easements, iii. 448.
Discovery, as foundation of title, (see
Title.)

right of, i. 178, note, iii. 378 et seq.
how far it imposes laws of discoverer,
i. 178, note.

Disfranchisement, defined, ii. 298.
Disseisee, may have trespass, iv. 119.
Disseisin, defined, iv. 482.

how produced by tortious feoffment,
iv. 483-489.

Dissolution of corporations, ii. 305.
Distress, incident to reversion, iii. 464.
abolished in New York and Alabama,
iii. 472, 473.

(See Rents.)

when to be made, ii. 420.

next of kin, how determined, ii. 422.
representation, when, ii. 424, 425.
in the United States, ii. 426, 427.
in New York, ii. 426, n. 'd).

as affected by domicil, ii 428-430.