spect to, ii. 434-436.

of aliens' effects, ii. 67.

(See Descent.)

District courts, organization and jurisdic-

tion of, i. 303-305.

jurisdiction, as courts of common
law, i. 381.

in cases of seizure, forfeiture and
torts, i. 381.

in cases of bankruptcy, i. 382.

as prize and instance courts in admi-
ralty, i. 353-359.

criminal jurisdiction of, in admiralty,
i. 360, 363, 364, 371, 372.

no appeal in criminal cases, i. 325.
damages in, for marine tort, i. 363,
364, 367-369 and notes.

admiralty and maritime jurisdiction
of, i. 372-378. "

cognizance of seizures and forfeitures,
i. 372, 374, 376.

jurisdiction in salvage cases, i. 379,
380.

jurisdiction as to pilotage, i. 380, note.
jurisdiction does not rest on statutes,
i. 367, ns. (b) and (2).

not limited to tide waters, i. 867,
notes.

District of Columbia, inhabitants of, may
not sue in federal courts, i. 349.
power of the courts of, to issue man-
damus, i. 384, note.

legislative power of congress over, i.

384.

Division fences, iii. 488.
Divorce, ii. 95-128.

Divorce a mensa et thoro, ii. 125–128.
causes of, ii. 105, 106, 125-127.
for cruelty, ii. 125, 127.

policy of, ii. 127, 128.

bars dower, ii. 99, n. 3, iv. 54.

a vinculo, when granted, ii. 95-106.
when granted for adultery, ii. 96, n.
(a), 98, 100, 117.

allowance made to the wife upon, ii.
99 and notes.

and matrimonial causes, court for, ii.
104, n. (1).

as affecting rights of dower, ii. 99, n.
(3).

causes of, in the several states, ii.
100, n. (4), 105, 106, n. (3).
undue facility of obtaining, ii. 105,
106.

Divorce a vinculo, of foreign, in the United
States, ii. 106-110.

of the Scotch, ii. 110-118.
in other states, ii. 105-107.
domicil, give jurisdiction of, ii. 117,
n. (a).
Doctor and Student, i. 504.

Documents, concealment or spoliation of, i.
157, 158.

neutral, for ships, enumerated, i. 157.

202.

of merchant vessels, iii. 130-133.
Domain, public, i. 166, 257, 258.

eminent, ii. 338, 339, ns. (2), (5), (ƒ),

iii. 421, n. (c), 459, notes, (see Emi-
nent Domain.)

Domestic animals, liability of owner of, for
injuries by, ii. 348, n. (1).

Domicil, as affecting distribution of per-
sonal property, ii. 428, 429-436."
what and where it is, ii. 430, n. (ƒ).
when confers hostile character, i. 74,
79.

test of, i. 76, 77.

and residence not same, ii. 430, n.
(f), 332, n. (1).

what a change of, i. 346.

as to divorce, ii. 116, 117, n. (a).
as to taxation, ii. 332, n. (1).

not affect jurisdiction of circuit courts,
i. 350.

as to marital rights, ii. 183, n. (a),
459, n. (a).

how foreign may be acquired, ii. 49,
50.

as to infants, ii. 233, n. (c).

right of parents and husbands to
change, ii. 430, ns. (ƒ) and (6).
commercial, i. 74, 75, ii. 49, 50.
law of, as affecting contracts, ii. 453-
459.

(See Lex Loci.)

Dominion over subjects and vessels at sea,
i. 26, 27.

Donatio causa mortis, (see Gift,) ii. 444.
Donation, (see Gift.)

Donor and donee of a power, iv. 316.

Dower, estate by, iv. 35-72, (see Tenant.)
estate by, defined, iv. 35.

estate by, when complete, iv. 36, 49,
73.

who entitled to, iv. 36.

out of what estate and nature of
seisin required, iv. 87-47.
when wife estopped in action for, iv.
38, 39.

in contingent estate, iv. 39, 40, n. (a),
49.

as affected by state legislation, iv. 41,
42.

in trust estates and uses, iv. 42, 43.
in equity of redemption, iv. 43, 44.
how defeated, iv. 48-50.

how barred, iv. 50–60.

how barred by adultery and divorce,
iv. 52-54.

how barred by jointure, iv. 55, 56.
how barred by act of wife, iv. 57, 58.
how assigned, iv. 61-72.
value in damages, iv. 63.

is chose in action before assignment,
iv. 61, n. (1).

assignment of, relates back to death
of husband, iv. 65, 66, 67.

(a).

Duress, as affecting contracts, ii. 458.
Duties, how paid, ii. 547, n. (d).

when remitted, in case of destruction
of goods, ii. 547, n. (d).

not to be imposed by states, i. 394.
lien for, i. 248, note.

Dwelling-house, sheriff cannot enter forcibly
on execution, iv. 432, n. (ƒ).

Dying without issue, iv. 273–279.
as to chattels, iv. 281-283.

defined, iii. 419, 435.

Easement, extent of first occupant's rights,
iii. 445, 446.

(See Prescription.)

air and light, right to, iii. 448.
ancient lights, iii. 448.

5. Lost by abandonment, iii. 448-450.
when land reverts to the owner, iii.
432, n. (d).

non-user for twenty years, with other
facts, iii. 448.

acts indicative of abandonment, iii.
448, 449.

unity of possession extinguishes, ini.
449.

6. Lost by dedication, iii. 450.

facts constituting dedication, iii. 451
and notes.

what length of user sufficient, iii. 450,
451.

Eden's Reports, i. 494.
Education, (see Children.)
Egyptian deed, iv. 462, n. (a).

Ejectment, by mortgagee, when it lies, iv.
164.

action of, iv. 70, n. (g), 118.
Eldon, Lord, i. 495.

Election, right, when may be implied, ii.
295.

of officers in corporations, how and
when, ii. 295, 296.

between inconsistent rights, iv. 55, n.
(d), 56, n. (d).

Electors of President, i. 275, 276.

436, n. (e).

1. Party-walls, iii. 437, 466.

liability to repair, iii. 437.
right to take down, iii. 437.

digging near foundation walls, iii.
437 and notes.

right to support beams acquired by
user, iii. 437.

trees overhanging, iii. 438, n. (a).
local regulations of, iii. 438, n. (a).

2. Division fences, iii. 438.

tenant not bound to erect, iii. 438.
local laws respecting, iii. 438, notes.
3. Running waters, iii. 439 and notes, 440,

441.

Elementary writers on common law, i. 497.

Bracton, Littleton, Coke, Hale, &c.,
i. 500, 503, 505, 509.
Blackstone's Commentaries, i. 512.
Elopement, ii. 147.
Emancipation, (see Slave.)

of children by parents, ii. 193, 194
and note.

Embargo, risk of, insurable, iii. 291.
effect of charter-parties, iii. 249.
hostile, when laid, i. 60.
preliminary to war, i. 60.
Embassadors, rank of, i. 39, 40.
rights of, i. 38, 39.
may be refused, i. 40.

how far their acts bind, i. 40.
Embezzlements, by seamen, iii. 194.

not a peril of the seas, iii. 207, n. (1).
liability of ship-owners for, ii. 606.
Emblements, iv. 73, 110.

right of tenant for years to, iv. 109,
110, 111.

Emerigon, iii. 345, n. (a), 348.
Emigration, right of, ii. 34, 43-49.
Eminent Domain, exercise on franchise, iii.
421, n. (c), 459, notes.

right of state to interfere with fran-
chises, iii. 459, notes.

rights of, ii. 338, 339, ns. (2), (5), (ƒ).
rights of congress in making internal
improvements, i. 268, note.

Endorsement of bill of lading, effect of, ii.
548-552.

does not pass the contract itself, ii. 549,
ns. (a), (3).

negotiable paper, ii. 460.
blank, iii. 89, 90.

special, iii. 89.

by joint payees, iii. 89, n. (2).
legal effect of, iii. 89.

of bills over-due, iii. 91.

of bills on demand, out of time, iii.
91, 92.

equities of defence, when and how
far admitted, iii. 93.

admits preceding signatures, iii. 114.
when not guaranty, iii.. 123, 124.
Enemy's property, how affected by state of
war, i. 56.

despatches, not to be carried, i. 152,
153.

despatches carried, confiscation of
ship, penalty, i. 152.

Enemy, trade with, unlawful, i. 67.
commerce with alien, unlawful, iii.
254-256.

as to commerce, i. 71, 75.

by owning the soil, i. 71.

by residence, i. 71–80.

by sailing under his flag, i. 85.
old laws as to, i. 87, 90.
colonial trade of, i. 81.

property on board a neutral, i. 81, 82.

English decisions, their weight, i. 69, 70.
(See Adjudications.)

Enlistment, against friendly powers unlaw-

ful, i. 121, 123.

Enrolment of ships, iii. 143-145.

Entails, policy of, iv. 17, 20, 21.
Entire contracts, ii. 509.

doctrine of, ii. 509, ns. (ƒ), (2) and
(3).
Entirety, tenants by, iv. 362, 363.
Entry, right of, iv. 387, 388, 432, n. (d).
when necessary to bring trespass, iv.
120, ns. (b) and (1).

forcible, action after, by landlord
against tenant, iv. 119, 120.
right of owner of chattels to make,
upon lands, to take possession, iv.
118, n. (c).

on lands of another, to take one's
own property, ii. 568, n. (g).

Equity of redemption, contracts for pur-
chase of, iv. 143.

Equitable, assets, iv. 422.

mortgage, iv. 150 and notes.
Equity powers, in the different states, iv
163 and n. (d).

over lands abroad, ii. 463, n. (d).

of the federal courts, i. 341, 342 and
note.

Error, in contracts, ii. 477.
Escheat, iv. 423, 424.

derived from feudal tenures, iv. 423.
principle of, in American law, iv. 424.
exception as to British subjects, by
treaty, 1783, iv. 425, n. (1).

trust estates, how affected by, iv. 426.
(See Forfeitures.)

Escrow, delivery of deed in, iv. 454.
Estates in fee, iv. 1-22.

defined, iv, 2, 3, 4.
simple, iv. 4, 5.

general division of, iv. 4, 5.
heirs, in creating, iv. 5-8.
qualified, iv. 9, 10.
conditioned, iv. 11, 15.
in tail, iv. 11, 13-22.
for life, iv. 23-84.

freehold, defined, iv. 23.

division of, and at common law, iv

24.

how created, iv. 25.

on contingency, iv. 26.

by courtesy, iv. 27, (see Courtesy.)
by dower, iv. 35-73, (see Dower.)
general rights and duties of tenants,
of, (see Tenant.)
forfeiture of, iv. 82, 83.
pour autre vie, iv. 25, 26.
for years, iv. 85-110.
defined, iv. 85.

history of, iv. 85-94.

terms in relation to, (see Terms.)
may commence in futuro, iv. 94, 95.
in land let on shares, iv. 95.
defeated by merger, iv. 99-103, (see
Merger.)

defeated by cesser or condition, iv.
105, (see Condition.)

how forfeited, iv. 106, (see Forfeit
ure.)

not to be granted for longer period
than estate of lessor, iv. 106.

at will, iv. 111-116.

when terminated, iv. 111, 112.
when exist, iv. 111, 112.

as affected by reservation of annual
rents, iv. 114.

when possession is taken under li-
cense, iv. 114.

turned into from year to year, iv. 115.
at sufferance, iv. 116-120.

upon condition, iv. 121-133, (seu
Condition.)

in reversion, (see Reversion.)
in joint tenancy, and in tenancy in
common, (see Tenants.)

by mortgage, iv. 136.

as to real property under devise, iv.
279.

Estoppel, defined, iv. 260, 261.

by matter of record, iv. 261, n. (b).
by matter in pais, iv. 261, n. (b).
definition of, iv. 261.

when deed of feme covert an, iv. 261,
n. (b).

of wife in suit for dower, iv. 37, 38.
where one knowingly allows his own
goods sold, ii. 670.

in case of user of easement, iii. 442,
443.

where lease is, iv. 98, 99.

in pais, not bar title to real estate, iv.
98, n. (3).

as to the wife, ii. 168, n. (1), iv. 98, n.
(1), 261, n. (b).

Estovers, common of, iii. 404, iv. 73.

right of tenant to, iv. 73.

Estray, ii. 359.

Estrepement, iv. 77, 78.

Eviction, (see Rents,) iii. 463.

from want of title, iv. 471-477.
suspends rent, iii. 464.

Evidence, in libel, ii. 19-26.

opinion of experts admissible in in-
surance, iii. 284, n. (e).

Excepta rei Judicata, ii. 120.
Exception, in deed, what, iv. 468.

Excess, in the execution of powers, iv.
107, 108, 346, 347.

Exchange, par of, iii. 116, 117.

of land, iv. 438, n. (c).
Exchequer bills negotiable, iii. 75, n. (b).
Executive department, nature and unity of,
i. 271, 272.

responsible, i. 271, 272, 322, n. (b).
Execution, against equitable interest, ii.
443, n. (e), iv. 308, n. (d).
exemption of goods from, iii. 478,
479.

will reach personal property sold in
order to defeat it, iv. 430, n. (b).
staid by stop laws, iv. 432-435.
of corporate franchises, ii. 284, n.
(b).

will reach resulting trusts, iv. 437.
will not reach unearned salary, iv.
430, n. (d).

staid at law, to marshal assets, iv.
422, notes.

interest of mortgagee, not to be sold
on, iv. 166, n. (a).

in chancery, iv. 430, n. (b).
of powers aided, iv. 339-346.
purchaser under, must show a judg-
ment, iv. 434, n. (ƒ).

sheriff need not show judgment, iv.
434, n. (f).

Execution, as to equities of redemption,
iv. 160, 162–164.

as to chattels, ii. 440, 441, iii. 478,
479, iv. 430, n. (b).

against a ship, iii. 130, n. (1).
asserted in equity, iv. 438, n. (c).
delivery of possession to purchaser,
iv. 437, note.

when it divests liens, iv. 436, n. (j).
title by, iv. 428-432.

by elegit or extent, iv. 428, 429, 434,
436 and ns. (c) and (g).

colonial laws respecting, iv. 429, 430.
on personal property first resorted to,
iv. 430, 431.

chancery process of, iv. 430, n. (b).
mode and effect of sale under, iv.
429-431 and notes.

redemption of land by debtor and
creditor, iv. 431, 432.

irregularity of sale by, how far effect-
ive, iv. 431, n. (b).

valuation of lands sold, when allowed,
iv. 432, 433.

what interests are bound by, iv. 433,
434, 436.

sheriff may not forcibly enter dwell-
ing-house, iv. 432, n. (b).

laws, stopping unconstitutional, iv.
434, n. (c).

sale under, within the statute of
frauds, iv. 434 and n. (h).

lien of judgments, iv. 434, 435, 436.
interference of chancery, to enforce,
iv. 436 and n. (j).

equitable interest not to be sold un-
der, iv. 438, n. (c).

against partners, iii. 65, n. (b).
mortgagee's interest before entry not
liable to, iv. 166, n. (a).

one year's rent first payable, iii.
482.

Executors, (see Administrator and Adminis-
tration.)

de son tort, ii. 415, n. (1).

liability of, ii. 415-417 and notes.
liability for co-executor, ii. 416, n.
(c).

whether bound to plead statute of
limitations, ii. 416, n. (c).

rights and duties, on rendering ac-
counts, ii. 417, 418 and notes.
method of distribution by, ii. 420-
430, (see Distribution.)

nature of their title, ii. 431, n. (c).
when entitled to residue, ii. 423, n.
(a).

payments of, in their own wrong, iv.
422, n. (d)..

rights and duties, as to property in
other states, ii. 431-435.

by local laws, may sell real estate to
pay debts, iv. 438, 439 and notes.
when to join in executing powers, iv
326 and note.

will, iv. 320, 323, 341.

power to sell land, iv. 320-327, 332,
438, n. (c).

sales by, in New York, iv. 331, 332.
liable for devastavits, ii. 416, n. (c).
their commissions, ii. 420, n. (c).
responsibility for money invested by
them, ii. 415, n. (b).

may be required to give security, ii.
414 and n. (d).

time to pay legacies, ii. 417 and n.
(a).

Executory interest assignable, iv. 261, 284.
interest devisable, iv. 284.
interest checks on accumulation of,
iv. 285-287.

contracts under statute of frauds, ii.
510, 511, ns. (a) and (b).

trusts, iv. 304, 305.
devises, (see Devises.)

Exemption of goods from execution, iii.
479 and n. (d).

Exercitor, defined, `iii. 161.

Ex parte paterna et materna, iv. 404, 405.
Expatriation, (see Allegiance.)

Expectant estates preserved, iv. 251, 252,
255, n. (a).

now contingent remainders in New
York, iv. 272 and n. (c).
Expectancies, ii. 475, n. (d), iv. 262, n. (b).
Expeditions in neutral territory against
friendly powers, i. 122, 123.
Ex post facto laws, what, i. 408, (see
State.)

Extinguishment of rights, iii. 448.

of powers, iv. 346.

Extradition, i. 38, note.

of fugitives from justice, i. 36, ii. 32.

F.

Factor, when sell on credit, ii. 622-624.
his character defined, ii. 622, n. (b).
must sell for money, ii. 622, 623.
notes taken by, whose, ii. 623.
his powers, ii. 617-633.

payment may be made to, ii. 624.
his duties, ii. 622-633.

del credere, commission by, ii. 624.
has no authority to pledge, ii. 625–
627.

owner of goods shipped in his name,
&c., ii. 628, ns. (b) and (3).
lien by, for advances, ii. 628, n. (b),
634, 639, 640, (see Lien.)
owner, upon sale by, may call for
pay, ii. 623, 632.

purchaser from, when entitled to set-
off, ii. 632.

right of, to sell for advances, ii. 640,
n. (b).

property of principal in his hands, ii.
623, 624.

ii. 642, n. (3), (see Damages.)
has insurable interest, iii. 261, n. (c).
construction of English act relative

to, ii. 547, n. (d).

False affirmation, in sales of lands, ii. 487–
491, iv. 464, note.

False imprisonment, definition of, ii. 26.
action lies for, ii. 26–32.
False representation, (see Representations.)
Father, may disinherit, ii. 203, iv. 520.
title by descent, iv. 393.
(See Parents.)
Fauces terræ, i. 367.
Fealty, iii. 501, 505, iv. 24.
Fearne's treatise, i. 514.

Fee, defined, iv. 3, 4, (see Estate.)

simple, defined, iv. 5, (see Estate.)
Federalist, its character, i. 241.
Federal courts, not to interfere with state
courts, i. 412.

(See Courts.)

Feme covert, bills payable to, by whom in-
dorsed, iii. 88.

when deed of, on estoppel, iv. 26, ns.
(b) and (4).

may declare a use for her husband's
benefit, ii. 150.

conveyance of land, ii. 150.
(See Wife.)

Fences, division, (see Easements.)
Feoffee, to uses, iv. 238, 240, 245.
Feoffment, original effect of, iii. 506.

(See Deed,) iv. 480.

when it produces a disseisin, iv. 481-
485.

Feræ naturæ, animals, ii. 348.

Ferry, right of, gives no right to land on
banks, iii. 421, n. (c).

power of state to grant, iii. 421, n. (c).
riparian proprietor first entitled to,
iii. 421, n. (c).

franchise of, rights and duties, iii.
459, n. (a).

Feud or Fief, iii. 488, 495, n. (b).
Feudal tenures, (see Tenures.)

Fictitious firms, law of New York in rela-
tion to, iii. 31, n. (a).

Fidei commissa, iv. 15, n. (c), 20, 289,
290.

Fiduciary property, cannot be purchased
by trustee, iv. 438 and n. (c).
trust attaches to any benefit obtained
by trustee, iv. 438, n. (c).
relations between parties, ii. 483, n.
(f), iii. 51, 52, iv. 371, n. (c).
Fi. fa. iv. 436, n. (c), 437, n. (a).
(See Execution.)

Filum medium aquæ, iii. 427, 428.
Finch's treatise, i. 509.

Finder of goods, his rights and duties, ii.
356-358.

Finding, property acquired by, ii. 356.
Fines and recoveries, iv. 497.

history and nature of, iv. 497.