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vi. Expression of Fractions.

Fractions are expressed in words in several ways:

I. All fractions, with 1 for numerator, are denoted by ordinal numbers, with or without pars, e.g., dimidium (not dimidia) or dimidia pars;, tertia or tertia pars;, quarta, &c.

2. All fractions with a numerator less by one than the denominator are denoted by the cardinal with partes simply, e.g. 3, duae partes ; , tres partes; , quattuor partes; %, quinque partes.

3. All fractions with 12 or its multiples for a denominator, are denoted by the parts of an as. The as consisted originally of 12 unciae, and there were distinct names and signs for each multiple of the uncia and for some fractions of it.

Of the above the sicilicus was not used till imperial times. The scriptulum or scripulum (yрáμμa) was also used for of the uncia, = =25 as. The fraction as was denoted by binae sextulae, or duella; 114 as by dimidia sextula, or duo scripula.

The above-named parts of the as were used (as has been said) as mere duodecimal fractions, applicable without any specific concrete meaning to any unit. Hence heres ex asse, heir to the whole inheritance: ex triente, to a third; ex dimidia et sextante, to two thirds (a half and a sixth).

4.

Other fractions, not expressible by one of the above methods, are denoted by the cardinal for a numerator, and the ordinal (as in subsection 1) for the denominator, e.g., quattuor septimae; 7, septem nonae.

5. Some fractions are denoted by resolution into their components, e.g. 2, dimidia et quarta;, pars dimidia et sexta; §, pars tertia et nona;, pars tertia et septima.

6. Sometimes further division is resorted to, e. g. 1, dimidia quinta. And dimidia tertia is used for sexta; dimidia quarta for octava.

7. Sesqui, 11, is used only in compounds, e.g. sesquilibra, 11⁄2 lbs.

1 This term must either have been formed when the as was equal to 4 unciae; or be short for two-thirds of an as.

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CHAPTER XI.

PECULIAR INFLEXIONS OF CERTAIN PRONOUNS.

Personal pronouns.

THE substantives called personal pronouns are very peculiar in their inflexions, nor are all the cases formed from the same stem.

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192

193

SINGULAR.

Accusative and Ablative. Sēsē was frequently used for sē; tētē rarely for tē.

The forms med and ted occur as accusatives and ablatives in Plautus. The d is probably the ablatival d (§ 19) incorrectly transferred to the accusative as well.

Genitive. The old genitive of the 1st and 2nd persons was mis, tis; the latter is found in Plautus. This was replaced as possessive genitive by the adjectives meus, tuus; and as objective genitive by the gen. sing. neut. of the same, viz., mei (of my being), tul. So suus (adj.), sut for the genitive, both singular and plural of the reflexive.

Dative. Mi is used both by Cicero and the poets.

PLURAL. Genitive. As possessive genitives the adjectives noster and vester (voster) were used:

as objective genitives nostri, vestri and rarely nostrum, vestrum. as partitive genitives nostrum, vestrum and in the comic poets nostrorum, nostrarum, vostrorum, vostrarum.

To all cases (except tu nom.) of these substantive pronouns the particle -mět is sometimes added. For tu, tutě or tutimet is found.

The adjectives often have in the ablative case -met or -pte appended; e.g. meōpte, suāmet; rarely in the gen. sing., e.g. tuipte; and acc. plur., e.g. suosmet, suămet.

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Adjective pronouns, &c.

Some nouns adjective, and all pronouns adjective (except possessive pronouns, meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester), have for all genders the genitive singular ending in -ius, the dative in -I. In the other cases the inflexions are the same as ordinary stems in -o and -a.

The words belonging to this class are unus, ullus, nullus, sõlus, tōtus, alter, ŭter (and its compounds uterque, &c.), alius, ille, iste, ipse, hic, is, idem, qui and its compounds (quivis, &c.).

Of these alius, ille, iste, is, qui have neuter nom. and acc. ending in -d instead of -m. Other irregularities are named below.

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tōtīs in all genders

In the same way are declined sōlus, alone; unus, one; ullus (i.e. ünŭlus), any at all; nullus, none.

Also alter (the other), altera, alterum, gen. alterius, dat. altĕrī. útěr, utră, utrum, whether, i.e. which of two, gen. utrius, dat. utri. alterüter, alterutra, or altera utra, alterutrum, or alterum utrum, one or other; gen. alterius utrius (post-Aug. alterutrius), dat. alteri utri or alterutri.',

ǎterque, utrăque, utrumque, each; útercumque, utracumque, utrumcumque, which so ever (of two).

ǎtervis, utrăvis, utrumvis, which (of two) you please; üterlibet, utrălibet, utrumlibet, which (of two) you like.

neuter, neutră, neutrum, neither.

1pse (in early writers frequently ipsus), he himself, ipsă, ipsum.

The genitive has usually a long penultimate; but all (except solius, utrius, and neutrius) are frequent in poetry with -Ius; so utriusque always: sollus once in Terence.

nulli is once or twice used for the masc. and neut. genitive; and nullo for the dative.

The feminine datives unae, nullae, solae, totae, alterae, are (rarely) found in early writers to the time of, and including, Cicero and Nepos. toto for dat. masc. is used once by Propertius.

The genitive nullius and abl. nullo are rarely used substantively of things, but frequently of persons; neminis being only found in praeCiceronian writers, and nemine being only used by Tacitus and Suetonius, except once in Plautus.

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ille, that; iste, that near you (declined like ille); ăliùs, another.

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199

The plural is regular in both.

Old forms of ille found in Ennius, Lucretius, and Vergil, are olli for dat. sing. and nom. pl. masc.; ollis, dat. and abl. plural; and in Lucretius ollas, olla, acc. plural.

In the prae-Ciceronian phrases alii modi, illi modi, isti modi, we have genitives (or possibly locatives); as also in alii dei, alii generis in Varro, alii rei in Caelius.

Illae, istae, aliae are found in early writers rarely for dat. fem. sing. ; aliae as genitive in Cicero, Livy, and Lucretius (once each).

Collateral forms, viz. alls, masc. nom. (Catull.), alid, neut. nom. acc. (Lucretius), ali, dat. sing. (Cat., Lucr.) are also found. The adverb ǎlíbi appears to be an old locative.

The demonstrative particle ce was sometimes appended to the cases of ille and iste which end in -s, and frequently in an abridged form to the others (except genitive plural), especially in Plautus and the early writers: e.g.

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In nom. sing. illace, istǎce for fem., and illōc, istōc for neut. are also found.

Hic (stem ho-), this near me, is declined as follows.

The fuller forms hosce, hasce, hujusce are found in Cicero: haec for nom. fem. plur. is found in Varro, Lucretius, and Vergil. Plautus had other of the fuller forms, e.g. hice (nom. m. sing.), hoce (neut. nom.), hisce (nom. plur. m.), hibus (dat. abl. plur.).

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203

Ibus dat. abl. plur. occurs sometimes in comic poets and Lucretius; ĕābus in Cato for abl. plur. fem. ; 1 and Is in Plautus (for ii and iis). Of poets only the prae-Augustan used any of the cases, except that Horace has the genitive and accusative in his non-lyrical writings.

The dat. sing. el has rarely a short penultimate (ei): as el it is frequent in Plautus and Terence and (in the last foot of the hexameter) in Lucretius. As a monosyllable it is also common.

The suffix -pse is sometimes found in Plautus appended; e.g. eapse, eumpse, eampse, eõpse, eäpse; and in Cicero several times in the phrase reapse (for re eâpse), in reality. In ipse (see above, § 195) the suffix is made the vehicle of the case-endings.

Idem (for is-dem) is thus declined:

SINGULAR.

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Qui (stem quo-), which, what? any, an (adjective) relative, interrogative, and indefinite pronoun, is thus declined.

As an indefinite pronoun quă, any, is more common than quae in fem. nom. sing. and neut. plur.