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LAURENce Gomme, F.S.A. F among my predecessors in these articles devoted to the customs and festivals of the months I note that the history of Easter is claimed as a representative "story of humanity," and that "New Year" and "Midsummer" take us back, by very sensible stages, to far-off primitive types of society, I may claim also that the customs of Lammas Day remind us of the time when lands belonged, not to the individual, but to the village community; when the village community represented an almost independent unit of what was scarcely a national society; when, in short, society was just at that initial stage which precedes the dawn of progress, when, as in the Western world, civilization goes on, and which crystallizes into stationary fragments when, as in India, we meet with the stage of arrested progress. I shall, it is true, be able to give only the outline of this primitive period in the history of Britain, to sketch out one or two typical examples of the evidence necessary to prove this position claimed for Lammas customs; but if I leave my readers on the border-land of this interesting subject, there are not wanting works devoted to the inquiry which they can consult, and learn therefrom how much modern times are intermixed with the survivals of ancient times. Lammas Day is properly the 1st of August. The Act of George II. which established the new style in England excepted the days for the commencement of Lammas rights from the operation of the statute. Lammas Day, under this operation, is now the 13th of August. It is one of the four cross quarterdays, as they are now called. Whitsuntide VOL. VI. was formerly the first of these quarters, Lammas the second, Martinmas the next, and Candlemas the last. Such partition of the year was once as common as the present divisions of Lady Day, Midsummer, Michaelmas, and Christmas. Some rents are still payable at those ancient quarterly days in England, and they were not long ago, even if they do not still continue, general in Scotland.* It is a day on which many quaint customs were enacted; but the one great custom which marks it as a link with a very remote past is the removal of the fences from many lands throughout the country, and the throwing open to common pasturage of lands which, till this day from the end of last Lammastide, had been used as private property. In fact, it is not too much to say that in this custom of Lammastide we have the key to the whole system of ancient agriculture. Wherever we find Lammas customs in England we may take it for granted that it is the last remaining link of a whole group of customs which together make up the history of the primitive village community. It is curious to observe with what varying degrees of integrity customs have lived in various parts of the country. In some places, for instance, we may find only the bare mention of Lammastide, and the throwing down of fences and the consequent opening of the land to common. In other places, as I shall show, there is much more at the back of this single Lammas custom-there is sufficient to enable us to open the great book of comparative politics, and to take our studies to that ancient Aryan land, India, or even still farther back in the history of primitive society, the native savages of Africa. But we must stop far short of this just now. It will not do in the limits of one Paper to wander far away from the immediate subject, and therefore we must restrict our researches to the comparatively narrow limits of Lammas customs. There is the one important fact to note, however -namely, that old customs have been, as it were, fighting these thousand years or more against the advancing progress of civilization. In some places this fight has been successful, but in the great majority of instances, one by one of the old features and the old elements of the once-prevailing customs of ancient Brady, Clavis Calendaria, ii. p. 107. E |