§ 2. Conjunction according to Meaning.

1. CONJUNCTIONS are divided according to meaning, and according

to structure.

2. According to meaning, CONJUNCTIONS are' COORDINATE and SUB

ORDINATE.

(i) COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS unite coordinate (or equipollent) statements, or join in construction coordinate words.

(ii) SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS unite statements in such a way that the one modifies the meaning or application of the other.

3. COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS are divided into five classes: (i) Copulative; (ii) Negative; (iii) Alternative; (iv) Adversative; (v) Illative.

4. SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS are more numerous and complex, and, as will be perceived, mostly follow the division of adverbs into those which refer to time, place, manner or degree, cause.

5. This division is valuable on account of its harmony with the principles which regulate the analysis of sentences. As it is complex, however, another and simpler scheme is annexed.

7. DISJUNCTIVE CONJUNCTIONS are those which, while they connect the clause, disconnect the sense or meaning.

8. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS are those which are used in pairs, so that one refers or answers to the other.

(i) The Copulative conjunctions are; and, as, both, because, even, for, if, that, then, since, seeing, so, but.

(ii) The Disjunctive conjunctions are ;—or, nor, either, neither, than, though, although, yet, but, except, whether, lest, unless, save, provided, notwithstanding, whereas.

(iii) The Correlative conjunctions are ;—

9. Of the above we have

Connective or additive

Concessive

Conditional

Inferential (i) cause

Negative

Alternative

Adversative

- And, also, but, both.

- Though, although, albeit, yet. - If, provided that, unless. - For, that, because, since, whereas.

(ii) consequence — Therefore, wherefore, then.

§ 3. Conjunction according to Structure.

1. CONJUNCTIONS according to STRUCTURE are divided into (i) Simple; (ii) Derived; (iii) Compound.

(i) The Simple conjunctions are Saxon and monosyllabic; such as and, if, so, but, eke.

(ii) The Derived conjunctions are such as nor, neither, than, whether, since, seeing, except, &c.

(iii) Compound conjunctions are made up of two or more words; as, howbeit, in as far as, inasmuch as, forasmuch as, nevertheless, whereas, although, &c.

§ 4. General Remarks.

1. Several words are used as adverbs, conjunctions, and prepositions according to circumstances. The word but, for instance, is used as a relative, a preposition, a conjunction, an adverb.

(i) But, a relative=who+not, and follows a negative; as, 'there was no one but saw him ''who did not see him.'

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(ii) But, a conjunction and; as, 'we ran but he stopped,' i.e. we ran and he stopped: it has also an adversative force.

(iii) But, a preposition = except; as, 'all fled but John,' i. e. except John.

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(iv) But an adverb only, and is placed next the verb; as, 'If he could but know,' i.e. only know.

2. So after is an adjective; as, 'The after-part of a ship.'

an adverb; as, 'They that come after.'

a preposition; as, 'After me the Deluge.'

a conjunction; as, 'He called two days after I saw you.'

3. Then, with its double form then and than, is both a conjunction and adverb.

For, a conjunction and preposition.

Except, a preposition and conjunction.

4. When these words, which are used as prepositions and conjunctions, are followed by that, they are best regarded as prepositions, otherwise as conjunctions; as,

'Before that certain came from James,' &c.

'After that I was turned, I repented.'-Jer. xxxi. 19.

'Since that I have told you.'

5. The ADVERB may generally be known by the fact of its being movable to any part of the sentence in which it occurs; as, 'He

then altered his intention.'

'Then he altered his intention.' 'He altered his intention then.' When an adverb qualifies an adjective, or other adverb, it is not movable; but then its connection discovers it.

6. PREPOSITIONS are always attached to a noun, and cannot be removed from one part of the sentence to another without the noun to which they belong.

7. We have said, if the word is movable to any other part of the sentence it is an adverb. If it cannot be moved from the beginning without destroying the sense, it must be a CONJUNCTION.

8. The Interjection has been defined to be a word expressing feeling and not thought. 'Almost all animals have some peculiar sound to express any sudden feeling they experience. The interjection is such a sound as employed by man.'-Morell. It is speech which distinguishes man. Speech is the expression of thought, and, as interjections are not the expressions of thought, they are not properly classed as a part of speech.

For explanation, derivation, &c. of the Conjunctions, vide Etym. Deriv. chap. II.

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SYNTAX.

CHAPTER I.

PROPOSITION ACCORDING TO LOGIC.

1. THERE are two ambiguous terms in general use: PROPOSITION and PREDICATE. These terms are borrowed from logic, but in grammar they possess a different meaning. First, we shall explain the logical signification of these words, and then investigate their grammatical import.

2. There are three mental operations, (i) SIMPLE APPREHENSION or CONCEPTION, the expression of which in language is called a Term; (ii) JUDGMENT, i. e. the comparison of two conceptions, and pronouncing upon their agreement or disagreement, the expression of which in language is called a Proposition; (iii) REASONING, i. e. the comparison of two judgments and pronouncing upon their agreement or disagreement by means of a third, the expression of which in language is called a Syllogism.

3. A PROPOSITION, then, is defined to be a judgment expressed in words; or, an indicative sentence (oratio indicativa).

4. Every Proposition is divided into three parts-subject, copula, predicate.

(i) The subject is that of which something else is asserted. (ii) The predicate is that which is asserted of the subject.

(iii) The copula expresses the agreement of subject and predicate; hence the copula is affirmative, or negativeis, or, is not, &c.

Thus, in the proposition,

Sub.

Cop. Pred.

'The Romans are brave,'

Romans subject; are copula; brave = predicate.

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