stew them in milk, exactly as you would make an oyster-stew. The elm-tree mushroom, the honey-colored mushroom, and any others tasting raw of grass or trees, are only good broiled. The meadow-mushroom, horse-mushroom, or coprinus, are excellent cooked either way. There is no doubt of the wholesome character of esculent fungus. During the season, we eat them at our table three times a day; sometimes of a half-dozen kinds at a meal. We never enjoy better digestion than during toadstool-time. They furnish a natural alkali which in some systems is greatly needed.

We also dry them for use in winter. The Chinese and Japanese make dried fungus a very general article of diet. I speak here from personal acquaintance with their habits, acquired by a residence in San Francisco and Honolulu, as well as in their native land. No better substitute for meat than fungus can be found. Neither its odor when cooking, nor the gravy it makes, resembles any form of vegetable food. This is but natural, since the plant absorbs oxygen from the air, after the manner of animals.

Mushrooms grow above the ground, like any other plants. I have carefully watched all kinds, both in a natural state and when raised in my own closet. The common mushroom (supposed to spring up in a night, and which, says vulgar error, must be gathered with the dew on it) takes about ten days to mature from a button the size of a pinhead to a disk three or four inches in diameter, although most of this time the cap is just beneath the soil. This is the average period needed in acquiring perfection by other kinds, although some, as the Coprinarii, do not consume half that time.

NOTE.-Outlines of British Fungology, by Rev. M. J. Berkeley. London: L. Reeve & Co., 1860.

Handbook of British Fungi, by M. C. Cooke. London: Macmillan & Co., 1871. A Plain and Easy Account of British Fungi, by M. C. Cooke. London: Robert Hardwicke, 1871.

Mushrooms and Toadstools. Illustrated with Two Large Charts. By Worthington G. Smith. London: Robert Hardwicke, 1867.

The Esculent Funguses of England, by C. D. Badham. London: L. Reeve & Co., 1870. Fungi: their Nature and Uses, by M. C. Cooke. Edited by Rev. M. J. Berkeley. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1875.

SKETCH OF PRESIDENT BARNARD.

AMONG the promoters of science and liberal culture in our time,

few men have labored more efficiently and successfully than the present versatile and accomplished President of Columbia College. Although Dr. Barnard has done his share of original scientific work, it is not claimed for him that he has made any great discoveries;

nor could this be justly expected of a man whose life has been so absorbed in the work of educational reform, the progress of scientific culture, the organization and administration of collegiate institutions, and the furtherance of those higher measures and agencies of intellectual improvement which are never carried out except through the executive force and indomitable perseverance of a few men who are specially constituted for such tasks. Dr. Barnard has been untiringly busy in these important spheres of activity for nearly half a century, and seems still in the prime and vigor of his powers, and the meridian of his public influence.

In

FREDERICK AUGUSTUS PORTER BARNARD was born in Sheffield, Massachusetts, in the year 1809. He was educated at Yale College, where he graduated in 1828. He began his career as teacher by taking the position of tutor in that institution in 1829. 1831 he went to Hartford, and engaged as instructor in the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb; and, becoming interested in this branch of teaching, he subsequently pursued it in the Deaf and Dumb Asylum of New York. He afterward published an "Analytic Grammar, with Symbolic Illustrations," based upon a system he had originated for teaching the deaf and dumb, and which is still used in institutions devoted to their education. Dr. Barnard early chose the South as his field of labor, and in 1837 became Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy in the University of Alabama, at Tuscaloosa, and subsequently took the chair of Chemistry in the same institution, which he held until 1854. The same year he took orders in the Protestant Episcopal Church. In 1854 he became Professor of Mathematics, Astronomy, and Civil Engineering, in the University of Mississippi, at Oxford, was elected its president in 1856, and promoted to its chancellorship in 1858. During his long residence at the South, Dr. Barnard devoted himself with great energy to the subject of education, both primary and academic, and advocated liberal and advanced views regarding college polity in several able reports. Never an opponent of classical culture, he freely criticised it, and strongly urged the claims of science to a larger and higher place in modern study than had been hitherto allowed. At the approach and outbreak of the civil war, President Barnard, remaining loyal to the Union, found himself embarrassed in his Southern position, and in 1861 he resigned his chancellorship and his chair in the university, and returned to his native North. In 1862 he was engaged in continuing the reduction of Gilliss's observations of the stars in the southern hemisphere. In 1863 he was connected with the United States Coast Survey, and had charge of chart-printing and lithography. Prof. McCulloch, who occupied the chair of Physics in Columbia College, New York, having left the institution and gone South to take his chances with the Confederate cause, Dr. Barnard became an applicant for the vacant position; but, instead of accepting him for this place,

the trustees of the institution elected him as its president in 1864, which office he still holds. Coincident with his accession to the presidency of Columbia College, an important step was taken by the managers of the institution for the promotion of scientific education by the establishment of the School of Mines, and the appointment of an able faculty to carry it on. This branch of the college has been so well administered as to become a great success. Its facilities for scientific training are ample and well directed, and in the number of its students it is already the rival of the classical department.

Dr. Barnard has written much upon both scientific and educational topics, and done a good deal of important work in connection with the various international expositions of industry, to which he has been commissioned by our Government. His last important literary undertaking has been the editorship of Johnson's "New Illustrated Universal Cyclopædia." He has received many honors from institutions of learning and leading scientific societies, both in this country and abroad, and has been President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, of the American Microscopical Society, and of the American Institute, New York. The following are President Barnard's most important publications:

1. Aurora Borealis, 1838.

In the Journal of Science.

2. Improvement in Photography, 1842. (This was one of the earliest processes discovered for quickening the sensitiveness of Daguerre's iodized plates.)

3. Theory of Hot-Air Engine, 1853.

4. Modification of Ericsson's Hot-Air Engine, 1853.

5. Elastic Force of Heated Air, 1854. (A series of papers.)

6. Comparative Expansion of Heat in Different Forms of Air-Engines, 1854.

7. Mechanical Theory of Heat, 1854.

8. Examination of the Theory which ascribes the Zodiacal Light to a Ring surrounding the Earth, 1856.

9. The Eclipse Expedition to Cape Chudleigh, Labrador, 1860.

10. Hydraulics of the Mississippi, 1863.

11. Explosive Force of Gunpowder, 1863.

In the Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. 12. On the Pendulum, with Description of an Electric Clock with Pendulum perfectly free, 1858.

13. On the Means of preserving Electric Contacts from Vitiation by the Spark,

1859.

14. Extended Report on the History, Methods, and Results of the American Coast Survey, 1859.

15. On the Assumed Identity of Mental and Physical Forces, 1868.

In the Reports of the Smithsonian Institution.

16. The Mathematical Principles of the Undulatory Theory of Light, 8vo, pp. 133, 1862.

In the Transactions of the American Institute.

17. The Metric System-History of the Movement in its Favor, 1871. 18. Theory of the High-Speed, Heavy-Piston Steam-Engine, 1871.

In the American Naturalist.

19. Description of a New Form of Binocular Microscope, 1871.

Published by the Trustees of Columbia College.

20. Essay on the Metric System-Examination of the Objections brought against it, and Discussion of the Values of its Units, with an Appendix on the Unification of Moneys, 8vo, pp. 194, 1872.

Published by the Senate of the United States.

21. Machinery, Processes, and Products of the Industrial Arts, and Apparatus of the Exact Sciences-Report on the Exposition of 1867, 8vo, pp. 669, 1868.

In “Field's Outlines of an International Code."

22. The chapters relating to Money, Weights and Measures, Longitude and Time, and Sea-Signals, 8vo, pp. 86, 1870.

Published by the Public Health Association of the United States.

23. On the Germ-Theory of Disease, 1874.

In the Journal of the General Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church for 1871-Appendix.

24. On the Principles of the Ecclesiastical Calendar, with Concise Rules for finding the Movable Feasts, 1871.

In Johnson's Cyclopædia.

25. Numerous articles on topics in Mathematics, Mechanical and Physical Science, and on miscellaneous subjects scattered through the published volumes, 1874-75.

Among his educational papers may be mentioned: "Letters on College Government," 1854; "Report on Collegiate Education," 1854; Art-Culture," 1854; "Improvements practicable in American Colleges," 1855; "University Education," 8vo, pp. 104, 1858; "Relation of University Education to Common Schools," 1858; "Studies best adapted to Early Culture and Preparation for College," 1866; "Elective Studies in College Education," 1872; "Analysis of Statistics of Collegiate Education," 1870; Annual Reports to the Trustees of Columbia College, 1865, et seq.-a series; and numerous papers on Deaf-Mute Instruction, 1832-'37.

CORRESPONDENCE.