hence Demosthenes (in Olympiod. 1176, 31) says, alwπŷ èkaθήμην ἐπὶ τοῦ ἑτέρου βήματος.

102. πράγματα. See on ii. 1. 3.

103. Σόλωνος, for the κύρβεις on which these laws of Solon were written, see Orat. xvi., 'The laws written on wooden rollers (ážoves) and triangular tablets (kúpßeis) preserved in the Prytaneion, were known as the laws of Solon,' R. C. J. These were written βουστροφηδόν, i.e. the lines continued from left to right, and from right to left.

104. Sédeoa, infinitive as imperative. Todoкákкŋ 'stocks.' Suidas gives two derivations of the word-(1) TOús. κακῶσις ; (2) πούς . κατοχή. Hesychius notices both forms, ποδοκάκη and Todоkáккη. The law from which this is an extract is found inserted in Demosth. Tim. 733, 105. The wooden stocks (Td úλov) had a hole for the neck and hands and feet. Aristoph. Lys. 680, ἀλλὰ τούτων χρὴν ἁπασῶν ἐς τετρημμένον ξύλον Εγκα θαρμόσαι λαβοντας τουτονὶ τὸν αὐχένα. See also Equit. 367.

105. πрoστμhon have awarded it in addition, i.e. to a fine.

109. ἐν ταῖς . . ἕνδεκα ‘when the eleven were undergoing their audit.' See on iii. 1. 69.

113. neyyuâv 'let him give security.' This quotation must consist of two separate phrases, quoted for the sake merely of the obsolete word in each. ἐπιορκήσαντα, which in Lysias's day would mean 'having sworn falsely,' is here used for the simple ὀμόσαντα having sworn by. δρασκάζειν is used for the common ἀποδιδράσκειν. [Hesychius explains it by κρύπτεσθαι áπоdidρáσкeш; the former word indicating some confusion between δρασκάζειν and δασκάζειν (?), or arising from some notion of secrecy in opaσκášew 'to effect one's escape like a runaway slave. Cf. φάσκω.]

117. ἀπίλλει ‘shuts to [' ἀπίλλω, better ἀπείλλω from root Γελ, whence εἴλω εἰλέω ἅλ-υ-σι-ς, a chain-ἁλ-έ-σκομαι, etc. Curt. Gr. Et., § 656.' R. C. Jebb]. This fragment again is quoted without its context merely for the sake of the obsolete word ἀπίλλειν. It seems to be referring to the crime of 'aiding and abetting' a thief. 'Whoever shuts to the door when a thief is inside,' i.e. to protect him by keeping off help from without.

121. στáoμov 'may be put out to interest.' [Hesych. ex- 27 plains στασάμενον by δανεισάμενον]. Jebb quotes Andok. de

Red. § 11, door yeμoi Kaтéornoav, quanti mihi steterunt, cost.' For σráσuov 'weighable,' see L. and Sc.

126-32. ὅσαι . . θεράποντος. These fragments of laws seem to refer to assaults on women and slaves. '[Except] those females who walk about openly,' i.e. for prostitution. 'Let a man be accountable for damage done to a domestic or female slave.' The elva seems to be unaccountable without the context. Of the obsolete words Tepaopévws from the perf. part. of φαίνω, of which we have πέφανται, Æsch. Αg. 374 ; πέφασμαι, Soph. O. C. 1543, etc. And the participle repaouévos in Solon's Poems, xiii. 71: see Veitch. Toλouvrai, survived in poetical language, Esch. P. V. 645, as also the active moléw. In prose the compound TeρITоléw was still in use, and is found in Plato, Xenophon, etc., and Teρíñoλos a patrol, in Thucydides, etc. οἰκῆος (οικεύς) equivalent to οἰκέτου, is often found in Homer, and oikeus once in Sophocles (O. T. 756). For lepáπwv, see on Orat. ii. 1. 105.

133-5. σinpoûs 'stupid.' The only other use of this word, in an intellectual sense, is in Eschines, where it appears to mean 'stubborn' or 'stern.' vûv TE кal máλaι ‘perpetual' or common to antiquity and to us.'

138. TOû Býμатos 'the platform of the defendant.' See on 1. 101.

141. áкovσal riva 'that one should be said,' 1. 74.

143. yoûv at least.' your introduces a reason for thinking 28 that what has been said is true, or at least reasonable.

144. τοιαύτην γνώμην ἔχειν ‘to have such an idea current about me.' yuwun here stands for the opinion, not of the speaker, but that held about him, his 'reputation.' Cf. the use of opinio.

146. Tηs σvμpopâs, the consequences of a conviction, i.e. ἀτιμία. [Cf. Demosth. Mid. 533: οὗτος ἀστρατείας ἑάλω καὶ κέχρηται συμφορᾷ. The Latin calamitas is used in the same sense]; whereas if the speaker could be shown to deserve the imputation of parricide the penalty would be death.

147. ἀλλὰ . . ἠτίμωσεν ‘nay, he even secured the disfranchisement of the man who gave evidence against him,' i.e. for perjury.

148. ¿keîvo, i.e. the throwing away of his shield.

152-3. οὐδένος . . ἁλώσεται ‘whereas his penalty, if convicted of slander, would be not at all equal to his deserts.'

154. τίνος . . ἐγκλήματος ‘what charge have you against me that should prevent it?' For constr. and meaning see viii. 1. 78.

155. πότερον—ἀκήκοα ' can it be because I have deserved the imputation?'

156. βελτίων καὶ ἐκ βελτιόνων ‘a better man and of better extraction.' For the importance attached to family, see Orat. vi. § 64, and cf. Arist. Èq. 185; Ran. 727 sq. The opposite would be πονηρὸς καὶ ἐκ πονηρῶν.

159. ἀλλ' . . κατεσκέδασται ‘well, this is not the story which has been spread broadcast through the city.' There is a notion of hostility in the word,—'against him or me,' cf. Plat. Apol. 18 c, οἱ ταύτην τὴν φήμην κατεσκεδάσαντες

164. Διονύσιον the witness who had been disfranchised for perjury. συμφορᾷ κ.ε. ἀτιμίᾳ. See supra, 1. 146.

166-171. εἴημεν . . χρῆσθαι. The words of Dionysius are given first as indirect speech, and the perfect optative is used; and then, as often in Greek, the very words are given with the verbs in the indicative, ἀπέθανον . ἑαλώκασι . hv. Goodwin, § 242 b. σTpaTelav cogn. accus., Goodwin, § 158. кρeîтτον v aur 'it had been better for him.' For the omission of av see Goodwin, § 222, note 1.

172. τὰ προσήκοντα sc. ἀκούειν, ' as he deserves. iii. 1. 6.

173. παρὰ τοὺς νόμους, joined with ὑβρ. and λέγοντι, using 29 words forbidden by the laws.'

178. οὔτε τοῖς πολεμίοις κ.τ.λ. i.e. was never taken prisoner.

180. ☎þλev evðúvηv 'was cast in a suit on his audit,' i.e. so conducted every office he held as never to lose a suit brought against him when he stood his examination after it. evovn (see iii. 1. 19) is here used not for the audit itself, but for a suit in regard to it. ὀφλεῖν εὐθύνην as ὀφλεῖν δίκην, Andoc. i. § 73. [Le. and Sc. would alter the form evðúvηy to cððvvav here and in other places.]

181. év oλiyapxla i.e. during the reign of the Thirty. árélaver 'he was put to death,' vi. l. 474.

183. kelvou sc. the father. 'As though it were his father and not himself who had been slandered.' He argues that to be said to have been murdered by his son was an insult to the father's memory.

184-186. ἀνιαρότερον 'more distressing. airíav 'reproach,' 'slur on his memory." ἀνῄρησθαι, ἀναιρέω, ' to be made away

with.'

186-90. οὗ ἔτι . . δειλία. He means that his father, having brought home his own arms and trophies taken from the enemy, has dedicated them in temples at Athens, whereas the defendant's shield, having been thrown away, is hung up as a trophy in an enemy's temple. Tpòs 'at,' not inside, but either on the walls or near the temple. ȧvákaтaι 'are dedicated,' 'laid up.' For such a dedication of spoils taken in war, see Thucyd. 3, 114, τὰ δε νῦν ἀνακείμενα σκῦλα ἐν τοῖς ̓Αττικοῖς ἱεροῖς. σύμφυτος ‘inborn, hereditary.

192. τὰς ὄψεις ‘outward appearance.

Cf. viii. 1. 155.

veavía 'gallant.' Cf. Dem. de Cor. § 313, év Tlow oûv où veavías καὶ πηνίκα λαμπρός ; hence the verb νεανιεύεσθαι, ‘to swagger like a youth,' and in later Gk. to 'act with spirit."

194. vxàs animos, 'courage.'

196. pylorbels 'in a moment of anger.' Obs. the aorist of a momentary effect.

199. οὐδεμίαν . . δίδωσι ‘makes no allowance for.

202-3. οὐ γάρ πω ᾔδειν ' for I had yet to learn. 'I did not know then, nor do I think now.' τοὺς μὲν ἰδόντας ' those who saw the shield thrown away.'

206. Karayηploaσlai 'condemn,' 'to give votes against.' Karà in composition with a verb takes a genitive when its sense is adverse or hostile; when its sense is completion, it takes the accusative. The opposite to acquit' is aroyndíscola. Each dicast had two po given him, one for acquittal, the other for condemnation, distinguished either by colour, or by being pierced; and he put into a voting box whichever he pleased. For various methods of doing this, see Dict. of Ant., Article ypos, and cf. Orat. vi. § 37.

209. ὃς μόνος . . πάγῳ. 'I, who all by myself, as soon as I had come of age, indicted the Thirty (for murder) before the court of the Areopagus.' The time of the doxipaola of Athenian youths, like that of the assumption of the toga virilis at Rome, is a matter of some doubt, and probably varied according to circumstances. Different ages from fourteen to eighteen have been assigned; but what seems certain is that it was not later than the eighteenth year, and that the youth, thenceforth called epnẞos, was on passing the scrutiny enrolled on the register (70

30

λngiaρxikov) of his deme; and having taken the oath as citizen was armed publicly, and could thenceforth marry, appear in the law courts, and perform other civil functions; but even then he had to do frontier duty as a Tepiroλos for two years before having the right of voting in the Ecclesia. This interval was expressed by eπì dieтès nẞñσal. See, for a fuller discussion, Becker's Charicles, p. 239. Hermann's Polit. Antiquities, p. 239-40. Cp. xvi. § 9. The object of this dokuμaola was chiefly to secure the purity-in point of extraction-of citizens entered on the registers of the demes, and it was always subject to a revision by a δίκη ξενίας.

He says 'directly I came of age': we know from § 4 that in 404-3 B.C. he was thirteen; if the doкpaola is to be taken as in the eighteenth year, this would date his indictment of the Thirty as taking place 399-8; of the Thirty only Pheidon and Eratosthenes stayed at Athens; and we may gather from this that Eratosthenes probably escaped the penalty of death when impeached by Lysias in 403.' R. C. Jebb, Attic Or., i.

296.

213, TOîs oρKOLs ols 'the oaths which you have taken ;' ols is attracted into the case of its antecedent. Goodwin, § 153.

ORATION V. [12].

[This Oration possesses unique historical value, as being an exposition, though from a partizan point of view, of the conduct and policy of the Thirty Tyrants, composed immediately after their expulsion by one who had had personal experience of their rule, and who from his own sufferings would be likely to put every point against them with the most telling force. At the same time we must remember that it was addressed to an audience who also knew accurately the facts of the case, which would be a check on excessive exaggeration or directly false statement.

Athens is taken by Lysander in the spring of B.C. 404 [17th of Munychion (3d April), Plut. Lysand. 15: see Clinton], and the Thirty are soon after established, and retain power till November (Poseideon).

Early in their career they began to feel the want of money, and having exhausted the gains to be made by the death and confiscation of certain notorious characters, they resolve on using a similar severity towards certain rich resident aliens, who were known to be disinclined to the Revolution.

Ten are first selected, including two of small means to elude