millions of acres. From this junction, the general courfe of the Sufquehannah is about fouth east until it falls into the head of the Chefapeak bay at Havre de Grace. It is above a mile wide at its mouth, and is navigable for sea veffels but about five miles on account of its rapids. The banks of the river are very romantic, particularly where it paffes through the mountains. This page has every appearance of having been forced through by the preffure of the water, or of having been burit open by fome convulfion in nature. The feveral branches of the Youghiogeny river rife on the weft fide of the Allegany mountains. After running a fhort diftance they unite and form a large beautiful river, which, in pafling fome of the most western ridges of the mountain, precipitates itfelf over a level ledge of rocks, lying nearly at right angles to the courfe of the river. Thele falls, called the Ohiopyle falls, are about twenty feet in perpendicular height, and the river is perhaps eighty yards wide. For a confiderable distance below the falls, the water is very rapid, and boils and foams vehemently, occafioning a continual mist to rife from it, even at noon day, and in fair weather. The river at this place runs to the south-weft, but prefently winds round to the north-west, and continuing this courfe for thirty or forty miles, it lofes its name by uniting with the Monongahela, which comes from the fouthward, and contains, perhaps, twice as much water. These united ftreams, fhortly after their junction, mingle with the waters of the Allegany and Pittsburgh, and together form the grand river Ohio. The Monongahela has been already particularly defcribed, and fome obfervations made on the navigation of the Allegany. In addition it may be obferved, that at the junction of French creek, which comes from the north-weft, with the Allegany are the remains of a British fortification; and about a mile above is Fort Franklin, built in 1787, and then guarded by a company of American foldiers. The Pennfylvania north line croffes French crock about three miles above Le Bonf, where there was formerly a fort. From Le Bouf to Prefqueifle, fifteen er fixteen miles, is an old waggon road, cut by the French in the war of 1755. The lands on French creek are very rich, and moftly cleared, which is an evidence that its former Indian inhabitants were numerous. Fourteen miles from the mouth of this creek is a gentle rapid, thence to its mouth it is flow, deep and fmooth. There is fad to be a pr&c.lle communication betweeen the fouthern bunch of the Tye, and the branch of the Allegany, the head waters of wch are but a short alta, ce frem each other. The Seneca Ind...say they can work four times in a day, from the boatable waters of Allegany to thele of the Tvogi, at the place now mention. d. And between the Su quehannah, just before it creffes into Penn/vivania the fift time, and the Delaware is a Portage of only twelve miles. Rafts of timber, plank, boards, and staves, with other articles upon them, can be brought down the Del, ware from the counties fontgomery and Otlego in New-York, two hundred nies Jove the city by the courie of the river. Some money was expended by the government and landholders in improving the navigation up towards the fource, before the revolution, and there has been a furvey fince ride, for the purpoie of proceeding in the improvement of this and the other principal rivers of Fennivvania, and for making communications by canals in the improved pat, and by roads in the unimproved part of the State, Great progrefs has already been made in thefe improvements, and the exertions for their completion are ftill continued. The Pennfylvanians are much inclined to fuch enterpriz cs, having found great benefit from them. On the completion of the prefent plans, the State will be as conveniently interfected by reads as any other of its fize in the Union, which will greatly facilitate the fettlement of its new lands. A flight view of the map of Pennfylvania will fhew how fadly this State is watered by the Delaware and its branches, the Schuylkill, the Juniata, the Sufquehannah and its branches, the Ohio,the Allegany, Youghiogeny, and Monongahela. The Potemik and like E.ie alio afford profpects of confiderable benefit from their navig tion. Nature has done much for Pennsylvania in regard to inland water carriage, which is ftrikingly exemplified by this fit, that although Philadelphia and lake Erie are diftant from each cler above three hundred miles, there is no doubt but that the rivers of the State may be fo improved, as to reduce the land carriage between them nine tenths. In the fame way the navigate to Pittsburg, after de improvement, may be aled infeed of land carriage for the whole diftince, except twenty-three miles. By thefe routs it is clear, that a large proportion of the foreign articles ufed en the western waters muil be triniperted, and their furs, skins, ginfeng, hemp, flax, pot afh, and other volu able commodities, brought to Philadelphia. The hemp and ok timber for the Ruffian navy is tranfported by inland nav, ten one thousand two hundred miles, and yet hemp is fhipped fic a that kingdom on lower terms than from any other part of the known world. Ruffia, long fince the fettlement of Pennfylvania by civilifed and enlightened people, was in a ftate of abfolute barbarifm, and deftitute of thefe improvements: much, therefore, is to be expected from the continued exertions of the prudent, induftrious, and fenfible inhabitants of Pennfylvania, in the courfe of the prefent century. One remark muft not be omitted here, and that is, that in all the back country waters of this State, even in thote high up in the mountains, marine petrifactions are found in great abundance. The only fwamps worth noticing are, the Great Swamp, between Northampton and Luzerne counties, and Buffaloc Swamp in the State of New-York, fome diftance north of the Penntylvania line. Thefe fwamps, on examination and furvey, are found to be bodies of farin land, thickly covered with beach and fugar maple. A confiderable proportion of this State may be called mountainous; particularly the counties of Bedford, Huntingdon, Cumberland, part of Franklin, Dauphin, and part of Bucks and Northampton, through which pafs, under various names, the numerous ridges and fpurs, which collively form what we chufe to call, for the fake of clearnefs, The Great Range of Allegany Mountains. The principal ridges in this range, in Pennfylvania, are the Kittatinny, or Blue mountains, which pafs north of Nazareth in Northampton county, and purfue a fouth-weft courfe acrols the Lehigh, through Duphin comty, just above Harrisburgh, thence on the weft fide of the Sulquehannah through Cumberland and Franklin counties. Back of thele, and nearly parallel with them, are Pete's, Tufcarra, and Nefcopek mountains, on the caft of the Suiqchannah; and on the weft, Shareman's hills, Sideling hill, Raggard, Great Warriors, Evit's and Will's mountains; then the Great Allegany ridge, which being the largeft, gives its name to the wi ole range; well of this are the Chelnut ridges. Between the Junta and the weft branch of the Sufquehannah are Jack's, Tuffy's, Nittiny, and Bald Eagle mountains. The vales between thefe mountains are generally of a rich, black foil, fuited to the various kinds of grain and grafs. Some of the mountains will admit of cultivation almoft to their tops. The other parts of the State are generally level, or agreeably variegated with hills and vallics. In this connection, we beg leave to introduce the remarks of Mr. Charles Thompson, the late fecretary of Congress, which were fuggefted on his reading Mr. Jefferson's description of the paffage of the Potomak tarough the Blue ridge. "The reflections I was led into on viewing this paffage of the Potomak through the Blue ridge were, that this country must have fuffered fome violent couvulfion, and that the face of it must have been changed from what it probably was fome centuries ago; that the broken and ragged faces of the mountain on each fide the river; the tremendous rocks, which are left with one and fixed in the precipice, and the other jutting out and seemingly ready to fail for want of fupport; the bed of the river for feveral miles below obftructed, and filled with the loofe ftones carried from this mound; in fhort, every thing on which you caft your eye evidently demonftrates a difrupture and breach in the mountain, and that, before this happened, what is now a fruitful vale, was formerly a great lake or collection of water, which poffibly might have here formed a mighty cascade, or had its vent to the ocean by the Sufquehannah, where the Blue ridge feems to terminate, Befides this, there are other parts of this country which bear evident traces of a like convulfion. From the beft accounts I have been able to obtain, the place where the Delaware now flows through the Ktatinny mountain, which is a continuation of what is called the North ridge, or mountain, was not its original courfe, but that it paffed through what is now called the Wind-gap,' a place feveral miles to the weftward, and above an hundred feet higher than the prefent bed of the river. This wind-gap is about a mile broad, aud the ftones in it fuch as feem to have been wathed for ages by water running over them. Should this have been the cafe, there must have been a large lake behind that mountain, and by fome uncommon fwell in the waters, or by fome convulfion of nature, the river must have opened its way through a different part of the mountain, and meeting there with lefs obstruction, carried away with the oppofing mounds of earth, and deluged the country below with the immenfe collection of waters, to which this new paffage give vent. There are ftl remaining, and daily ditcovered, innumerable inftances of fuch a deluge on both fides of the river, after it paffed the hills above the fill of Trenton, and reached the champaign. On the New Jertey fide, which is flatter than the Penníylvania fide, all the country below Crofwick hills feems to have been overflowed to |