girls, and three infants-in all, 58. The tender for conveying them is £15 per adult. Every one will be supplied with an ample outfit. Α small sum will be placed in the hands of the captain, to be distributed by way of honorarium, and the adults will have £1, and the children 10s. each in their pockets, on their arrival at the colony. This excellent example has just been followed in Ireland, where, from two unions, sixty young women have been shipped for Australia, with a suitable provision for their wants. The records of at least one benevolent society, for the promotion of this object, give us full confidence in the success of the scheme; and not the least interesting case which has been published, is that of a boy from one of the Ragged Schools in the metropolis, who was assisted to emigrate in 1850, who never went to the gold diggings, but who, on the 5th of March, 1852, addressed a letter to his father in England, accompanying a box of gold dust, worth upwards of ninety pounds, and constituting probably only a portion of his savings from the wages of ordinary labour. It is difficult to over-estimate the importance of this scheme, both to this country and to that favoured continent which bids fair to become to the southern hemisphere the grand centre of civilization, commerce, and religion.

This state of things, however, is likely to produce some effects upon our own country of a very important kind. It is calculated that no fewer than three hundred and fifty thousand individuals emigrated last year from Great Britain and Ireland, and that during the present year no fewer than one hundred thousand have left this country for the gold-fields of Australia alone. It should be borne in mind that a large proportion of these masses belong to our working classes; and not only so, but it is the most industrious, successful, and enterprising of those classes who for the most part have the faith and fortitude to venture on so great a change. That this efflux of population should tell upon the labour market was doubtless expected; and its effects were most distinctly perceived during the late harvest, and are still increasingly felt in the manufacturing interest, as well as by private families in some parts of the country, in the paucity of domestic servants. Yet, simultaneously with this, an increase has occurred in the demand for labour altogether without precedent. That comprehensive measure of commercial policy, in the passing of which, to adopt a parliamentary phraseology, while Colonel Thompson was the direct originator, Cobden and Bright were the mover and seconder, and Sir Robert Peel the representative sovereign, has produced, contrary to the vaticinations of interested parties, a vast increase in the manufactures and exports of this country. That augmentation continues to an extent which seems to constitute it a law, the interruption of which is only threatened either by a reckless spirit of speculation, or by extrinsic events which no human sagacity can prognosticate. The vast increase of our productive power, which has recently been made, is, to all appearance, justifiable on the principles of commercial prudence. In Lancashire and Yorkshire, the districts of which Manchester may be regarded as the capital, the increase of machinery within the last few months amounts to 3717 horse-power, and necessitates the employment of no less than 14,000 additional hands. A single instance has been mentioned in the public prints of a mill for the manufacture of alpaca and similar goods, which covers six

acres of ground, around which the proprietor is building seven hundred cottages for the work people, the whole involving a cost of £500,000. The natural rise of wages consequent on this contemplated increase of production is evidently not the only subject for consideration. Regarded in connexion with the diminished supply of labour occasioned by emigration, it suggests the question,-whence is this deficiency to be made up? This inquiry points attention to our continental neighbours; and it seems probable that as their skilled artisans were formerly driven to our shores by persecution, they will now be invited to them under more benign conditions. Heretofore, under a hard compulsion, they have brought us manufactures which, though not indigenous, the enterprise and ingenuity of the British people have perfected into a staple of national wealth; and now it seems the sign of the times that the influence of an extended emigration, combined with the pacific spirit of the age, will neutralize the isolation of our insular position, and unite us with the continent in those ties which, originating in mutual commercial interests, may bind nations to us in a cordial fraternity.

THE DEATH OF THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON has troubled society to its depths, has absorbed for a time the attention of the British people, and given a new and unexpected current to the press of Europe. The fall of such a man, the subsidence of such an unexampled multitude of honours without the possibility of transmission, the contrast of individual mortality with an imperishable fame, seems for a moment to suspend the breath of the nation, as the rupture of the last link which connects the calm progress of the present with the stormy history of a past generation. The traditions of our fathers spring into a sort of personal realization; and the tide of history seems to suffer an unnatural ebb, which discloses long-covered spaces, and to bring us face to face with events which transpired before we had an existence. The associate of Pitt, the companionin-arms of Nelson, the counsellor of departed monarchs and of senates now almost historical, has at length, in the fulness of age and of honour, submitted to the common lot. In this event men of all parties must find much to occasion at once a respectful remembrance and a candid forgetfulness. The Duke, like all great men, was created by his age; but the age which created him was a very different one from that which has witnessed the close of his astonishing career: and amidst the doubtful glory of a thousand victories, and the opulence of honours reaped as a harvest grown on the very heights of civilized Europe, perhaps his most lasting distinction will be that he grew with time, and that a nature plastic enough to be moulded by the pressure of successive events adapted itself, to the last, to a condition of things the most opposite to that which surrounded him in the rigid resolution of his youth. With native aristocratic tendencies, which no less than his constitutional temperament led him far towards absolutism, he accepted the Reform Bill, emancipated the Catholics, and liberated the commerce of his country. A Spartan in his native manners, he was the dignified Athenian of polished society; a soldier almost by birth, he was the head of one of the most celebrated universities in the world; and when the ermine of nobility covered the epaulettes of the warrior and the orders of the hero, it was hard to say which was the more becoming decoration. He furnished a striking exception to the roll cited by Juvenal as illustrations of the misfortunes of longevity, inasmuch as the

only diminution of his greatness is the humiliation of the grave. Thus much may justly be said, without a fulsome panegyric, of a man from many of whose principles we widely dissent, and on much of whose career we look with pensive regret. We could desire, if it were not a vain wish, that the posthumous honours which will crown the course and the name of Wellington might take the character of the present, and catch the rays of the future, rather than reflect the lights and the shadows of the past. In so far as the Duke of Wellington has been a faithful servant of the people and a loyal subject of the Crown; in so far as he has sacrificed irrational predilections to the cause of progress and the mandates of a nation's will; in so far as he has curbed an instinctive impetuosity beneath the dictates of patriotism and political justice; in so far as he has healed divisions and soothed the animosities of party, let him have all the laurels of honour which can spring up over his tomb, watered by the tears of a nation's gratitude. But for the sake of peace and progress, and in the name of religion and humanity, let us not disentomb the ashes of Waterloo, the carnage of the Peninsula, and the Ganges of blood which in India satiated the Moloch of war. Let his military fame be the immortality of a lasting regret; and let it be the best consolation of our sorrow for his death, that he has lived long enough almost to forget the exploits which constitute the substance of his glory.

We cannot dismiss this topic without a reference to the conduct of the Queen in connexion with this event. On hearing of it her Majesty, and her family and household, in their privacy at Balmoral, immediately paid those outward tokens of respect for the memory of the Duke of Wellington which, in courts, are usually reserved for royalty alone. At the same time she signified through her prime minister her desire that public honours should be paid to the deceased; but that the interment should be postponed until after the meeting of parliament, in order that the representatives of the people might determine the mode of paying due respect to the ashes of the great Commander, and that those honours might be the expression of the mind of the British nation, and not the dictate of personal, though royal, partiality. Her Majesty has subsequently issued the following general order, to be read at the head of every regiment in the British

army

The Queen feels assured that the army will participate in the deep grief with which her Majesty has received the intelligence of the irreparable loss sustained by herself and by the country, in the sudden death of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington.

In him her Majesty has to deplore a firm supporter of her throne, a faithful, wise, and devoted counsellor, and a valued and honoured friend.

In him the army will lament the loss of a commander-in-chief unequalled for the brilliancy, the magnitude, and the success of his military achievements, but hardly less distinguished for the indefatigable and earnest zeal with which, in times of peace, he laboured to maintain the efficiency and promote the interests of that army which he had so often led to victory.

The discipline which he exacted from others, as the main foundation of the military character, he sternly imposed upon himself; and the Queen desires to impress upon the army that the greatest Commander whom England ever saw has left an example for the imitation of every soldier,

in taking as his guiding principle, in every relation of life, an energetic and unhesitating obedience to the call of duty.'

Such graceful regard to the memory of a meritorious public servant, and such equally graceful consideration of the claims of the parliament and the people, deserve the tribute of public respect, and are more calculated to secure the integrity and permanence of our monarchical institutions than all the pomp of regal state and all the array of imperial power.*

Literary Intelligence.

Just Published.

Romanism an Apostate Church. By Non-Clericus.

The Twin Pupils; or, Education at Home. A Tale Addressed to the Young. By Ann Thomson Gray.

Earlswood; or, Lights and Shadows of the Anglican Church. A Tale for the Times and All Time. By Charlotte Auley.

The Three Colonies of Australia-New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia-their Pastures, Copper Mines, and Gold Fields. By Samuel Sidney.

The Israel of the Alps. A History of the Persecutions of the Waldenses. Translated from the French of the Rev. Dr. Alexis Muston.

Pastoral Theology; the Theory of a Gospel Ministry. By A. Vinet. Translated from the French.

Political Tracts for the Times. No. 1. The Fall of the Great Factions By Vindex.

A Guide to the Knowledge of the Heavens. Designed for the Use of Schools and Families. By Robert James Mann, M.R.C.S.C., &c.

The Pictorial Family Bible. With Copious Original Notes. By John Kitto, D.D. Part XXX.

The Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Poets, Philosophers, &c. &c. With Biographies. Part IX.

Bible Exercises; or, Scripture References for Schools and Families. By Miss Ann.

The Treasure-Seeker's Daughter. A Tale of the Days of James the First. By Hannah Lawrance.

The Free Schools of Worcestershire. With a Statistical Chart of their Scholars, Revenues, and Privileges. By George Griffiths. Nos. 5 and 6.

The Curse of Christendom; or, the System of Popery Exhibited and Exposed. By the Rev. John Baxter Pike.

The Union Harmonist. A Selection of Sacred Music, consisting of Original and Standard Pieces, Anthems, &c. Arranged by Thomas Clark, of Canterbury.

Poems. By Henry Hogg.

Dublin; an Historical Sketch of Ireland's Metropolis. Monthly Series of Religious Tract Society.

Lives of the Popes from the Dawn of the Reformation to the Romanist Reaction, A.D. 1431-1605. Part III.

*The Messrs. Longman have reprinted, memoir of the Duke which appeared in the

by permission,' the admirable Times' of September 15th and

16th. It forms Part xxxi. of The Traveller's Library,' and cannot fail to have what it richly merits—a wide circulation.

THE

Eclectic Review.

NOVEMBER, 1852.

ART. I.-Report of the Commissioners on the British Museum. Ordered by the House of Commons. 1851.

2. British Museum. Index to Report and Evidence.

3. The Athenæum, June 15th, July 17th, 1852.

4. Estimates and Civil Services, 1853. Education, Science, and Art.

5. Report of the Select Committee on the National Gallery.

6. Correspondence of the Architect and Officers of the British Museum with the Treasury.

THEY who are opposed to all improvement because it is innovation, persuade many weak minds into the belief that liberal reformers would reduce every institution and every order of society to one dead blank, and vulgar level. A monotonous and barren desert spreads before them, as a realization of the 'Radical' ideal-all elegance, all learning, all poetry excluded from view, that laws may be given by the talented, obtrusive tribunes of the mob, and that illiterate fustian may rule with supremacy over our national affairs. Such a picture was elaborately and vividly painted by Sir Robert Peel when he gave his last vote, as his first was given, in opposition to the Reform Bill of 1832. All that made power gentle, and obedience liberal, all that harmonized by a bland assimilation the gradations of society; all that incorporated into politics the virtues of private life, all this was to be destroyed, and more than this, the cultivation of letters and the encouragment of art would no more be the adorning graces of the state. Sculptor,