ABYSSINIA, plateau, or table-land of, 85.
Abyssinian mountain-system, 72.
Acclimatisation of plants, 271, G.
African " dry rivers," nature of, 172.
Africa, general aspects of, 328-334; va-
rious regions of, 329; geology, 330;
climate, 331; vegetation, 332; ani-
mals, 333; inhabitants, 334.
Agricultural zones of vegetation, 269.
Airy, Professor, on the velocity of waves,
127.

Alleghany mountains of America, 77.
Alpine mountain-system, 62.
Alps, zones of vegetation on, 262.
Altai, mountain ranges, 70.
Amazon, rise, course, and delta of, 176.
American, or red variety of man, 293.
Amour, rise and development of, 182.
Andes, mountain-system of, 79.
Andes, zones of vegetation on, 260.
Animals, their distribution and habitats,
273.

Antarctic drift-currents, 142.

Antipodes, antipodal, definition of,
22, G.

Appalachian mountain-system, 77.
Archipelagoes, or island clusters, 39.
Arctic current of Atlantic, 140.
Arctic and Antarctic Oceans, nature of,
108.

Arctic river-system, 165.
Arctic zone of vegetation, 257.
Armenia, plateau or table-land of, 83.
Asia, general aspects of, 320-327; vari-
ous regions of, 322; geology, 323; cli-
mate, 324; vegetation, 325; animals,
326; inhabitants, 327; civilisation,
327.

Atlantic Ocean, characteristics of, 104.
Atlantic river-system, 169.
Atlas mountain-system, 71.
Atmosphere, as a constituent of the
globe, 19, G.

Atmosphere, nature and function of,
199-203.

Atmosphere, temperature of, in zones
and altitude, 204.

Australasia, aspects and character of,

352-354.

Australia, aspects and character of, 352.

Australia, mountain-ranges of, 76.
Australian plains and deserts, 93.
Avalanches, nature of, 239, G.
BAROMETER and barometric pressure,
201.

Basin, river, lake, and sea-basins, 156.
Bathymetrical zones of vegetation, 267,
G.

Beach or strand, nature of, 36.

Bolivia, table-land or plateau of, 86.
Boulder clay, northern or glacial drift,
31.

Brazilian mountain-system, 80.
Breezes, sea and land, cause of, 220.
British mountain-system, 59.

Buist, Dr George, on atmosphere, 202.

Chalk or Cretaceous rock-system, 31.
Change, causes productive of, 306-310.
Chinese river-plains, 91.

Circles, greater and lesser, defined, 22.
Civilisation, general conditions of, 297.
Civilisation, its conditions and progress,
297-299.

Climate, causes affecting, 241-244, G.
Climates, insular and continental, 207.
Climates, insular and continental, 243.
Climatology, science of, 199.

Clouds, nature and nomenclature of, 228.
Coast-line, its proportion to land-area,
48.

Colonies of Australasia, 352-354.
Colour of sea-water, 122.

Commercial zones of vegetable products,

270.

Compressibility of water, 115.

Configuration of land, causes and con-
sequences of, 54.

Continent or principal land masses, areas
of, 38.

Continental river-systems, 189.
Contour, or horizontal outline of land,
47, G.

Co-tidal lines, sketch-map of, 131.
Courses of rivers, nature of, 158.
Crag and tail, phenomenon of, 56, G.
Crust of the earth, meaning of, 15, 25.
Currents, oceanic, their functions, 144,

145.

Currents of the ocean, nature of, 134-142.
Cyclones, nature and course of, 224, 225,
G.

DANUBE, rise, course, and development
of, 170.

Day, cause and definition of, 11.
Dew-point, nature of, 226, G.
Delta and deltoid plains, 88, G.
Deltas and deltic plains, 97, G.
Density of the globe, 15.

Depth of the ocean and seas, 116.
Depth of rivers, 163.

Development and length of rivers, 159.
Devonian, or Old Red Sandstone sys-
tem, 31.

Dew, nature and formation of, 226, 227.
Dismal Swamp, description of, 94.
Distribution of land and water, 34-44.
Doldrums, zone of calms and variables,
215, G.

Domestication of animals, principles of,

281.

Drift-currents, nature of, 135.
Drosometer, or dew measurer, 226, G.

EARTHQUAKE-WAVES, nature of, 126.
Ebullition or boiling, nature of, 101, G.
Eburz mountain-ranges, 67.

Ecliptic, origin and definition of term,
22, G.

Economical zones of vegetable products,
270.

Equator, or line of equal division, 20, G.
Equatorial current of the Atlantic, 137:
of Pacific, 141.

Equatorial zone of vegetation, 252.
Etesian winds of Europe, 222, G.
Ethiopian, negro, or black variety of
man, 295.

Ethnology, or races of man, 284-299, G.
Euphrates, rise, course, and develop-
ment, 186.

Europe, general aspects of, 311-319;
geology, 313; climate, 314-316; vege-
tation, 317; animals, 318; inhabitants
and civilisation, 319.

Exotic and indigenous vegetation, 250, G.

FAUNA, application of the term, 247, G.
Fens or marsh-plains of England, 97, G.
Flora, application of the term, 247, G.
Fogs and mists, nature of, 228.

GANGES, rise, course, and delta of, 184.
Geography, definition of, 1.
Geography, mathematical, political, de-
scriptive, and physical, 2.

Geology and Physical Geography, con-
nection between, 33.

Germanic plain, description of, 89, 90.
Ghauts, eastern and western ranges, 68.
Glaciers, formation and nature of, 239.
Glaisher, Mr, on temperature of air, 205.
Granitic rocks, nature and origin of, 32.
Gravitation, nature and effects of, 13.
Great northern plain of Old World, 89.
Guinea, mountain-system of, 73.
Gulf-stream, cause and course of, 138.
Guyot, M., on variable winds, 221.
Guyot, M., quoted, 3, 320.

HABITAT of an animal, 273, G.
Hail, phenomenon of, 238.

Hemispheres, continental and oceanic,
37.

Hemisphere or half-spheres described,

LA PLATA, rise and course of, 175.
Lakes, their functions in nature, 192, G.
Lakes and lacustrine areas, 190-198.
Land, the, its configuration, 45-54.
Land, descriptive technicalities of, 40.
Land, main subdivisions of, 38.
Land and water, relative amounts of, 35.
Land and water, their relations, 44.
Landes of France, 97, G.

Latitude and longitude defined, 23, G.
Lebanon, mountain-range of, 67.
Length and development of rivers, 159.

Life, stratum of, its dimensions, 248.
Links or sand-dunes of Scotland, 97, G.
Llanos of South America, 95, G.
Longitude and latitude defined, 23, G.
Lowlands, technicalities of, 88.
Lowlands of the world, 87-100.
Lowlands, their origin and character-
istics, 99-100.

Luminosity or phosphorescence of sea,
122, 3.

MALAV, or brown variety of man, 296.
Malaysia, aspects and character of, 350-
351.

Man as affected by external conditions,
284-286.

Mongolian or yellow variety of man, 291.
Maury, Captain, on saltness of ocean,

110.

Mean depth of the sea, 118.

Mean elevation of continents, 53.
Mediterranean, description of, 105.
Meridians, nature and definition of, 22, G.
Mesopotamia, ancient plain of, 91.
Metamorphic system of crystalline
schists, 31.

Mexico, table-land or plateau of, 86.
Mineral springs, nature of, 150.
Mississippi, rise, course, and delta of,

179.

Moisture of the atmosphere, 208.
Monsoons, nature and cause of, 218.
Month, cause and definition of, 11.
Moraines, formation and cause of, 239.
Mountain-heights, characteristics of, 56.
Mountains and mountain-systems, 55-82.
Mozambique current, course of, 141.

NATURAL law, its universality and per-
manence, 306, 357.

Neap-tides, cause and occurrence of, 129.
New Red Sandstone, Trias and Permian,
31.

New World, or western hemisphere, 38.
New Zealand, aspects and character of,
352.

Niger, rise, course, and delta of, 172.
Nile, rise, course, and development of,
173.

Nilgherri hill-range, 68.

Nilotic delta, map of, 88.

North America, general aspects of, 335-
341; various regions of, 336; geologi-
cal products, 337; climate, 338; vege-
tation, 329; animals, 340; inhabitants,
341; civilisation, 341.

OASES of the great African desert, 92, G.
Ocean, its subdivisions and their areas,

41.

Ocean-currents, their functions, 144, 145.
Ocean-currents, causes and functions
of, 134-142.

Oceans and seas, their areas, &c., 101-
123.

Oceania, general aspects of, 349; regions
of, 349; Malaysia, 350; Australasia,
352; Polynesia, 355.

Oceanic zones of animal life, 279.

Old Red Sandstone, or Devonian system,
31.

Old World, or eastern hemisphere, 38.
Oolitic or Jurassic rock system, 31.
Orinocco, rise, course, and delta of, 177.

PACIFIC OCEAN, characteristics of, 106.
Pacific river-system, 181.

Pampas of South America, 95, G.
Pampero, or wind of the pampas, 223, G.
Parallels, high, low, and middle, 23.
Peling mountain-range, 69.

Peninsulas, their general trending, 47.
Permian and Triassic rock-systems, 31.
Physical Geography, its aim and objects,
1-6; its theoretical and practical bear-
ings, 6-8; qualifications for its study, 6.
Physical Geography, objects and prin-
ciples of, 300-310.

Plains and deserts of the world, 87-100.
Planets, distances, revolution, and di-
mensions of, 11, 14.

Plants and animals, independence of,
282.

Plant-life, laws of its distribution, 251-
271.

Poles, north and south, why named, 20.
Polynesia, aspects and character of, 355-
356.

Post-tertiary or Recent rock-system, 21.
Prairies of North America, 94, G.
Pressure of ocean depths, 115.
Profile of land-masses, 50-54.

Puna, or dry cold wind of the Andes,

223.

Pyrenees, culminating point of, 60.
Pyrenees, zones of vegetation on, 262.

RAIN, nature and formation of, 229-234.
Rainfall in different latitudes, 230.
Rainfalls, periodical, variable, and ab-
normal, 233-236.

Rainfalls, violent; examples of, 232.
Rainless tracts, cause of, 237.

Relative position of land, its effects, 46.
Relief or elevation of land masses, 50.
Representative species, meaning of, 280.
Rhine, rise, course and development of,
169.

Rivers, their characteristics, 155-163.
River-systems, account of, 164-189; ab-
stract of, 189.

Roadstead, definition of, 42 G.
Rock formations, age and arrangement
of, 28.

Rocks, stratified and unstratified, their
formation, 26.

Rock systems, tabulation of, 29.
Rocky Mountains, system of, 78.
Rotundity of globe, proofs of, 13.

SAHARA, or Great Desert of Africa, 92.
St Lawrence, rise and development of,
180.

Salt lakes of Asia, 195; of N. America,

198.

Sardo-Corsican mountain-system, 61.
Sargasso Sea, nature of, 139, G.
Sarmatian mountain-system, 64.

Satellites or secondary plants defined,
11 G.

Scandinavian mountain-system, 63.
Seaboard, physical characteristics of,
36.

Sea-water, composition and characteris-
tics of, 110-114.

Seasons, nature and causes of, 12 G.
Selvas of South America, 95 G.
Shore-line or coast-line, nature of, 36.
Sierras of Brazil, 80.

Silurian rock-system, 31.

Simoom, dry hot wind of the desert,

222.

Sleet, formation of, 238.

Slope and counter-slope of lands, 51 G.
Snow, cause and nature of, 238.
Snow blanket, uses of, 240 G.
Snow blink, cause of, 240 G.

Snow line, altitude and curve of, 238.
Solar system, members and constitution
of, 11.

Source or rise of rivers, 157.

South America, grand aspects of, 342,
349; regions of, 343; geology, 344;
climate, 345; vegetation, 346; animals,
347; inhabitants, 348.

Speke on source of Nile, quoted, 173.
Spheroidal form of the earth, proofs of,

13.

Springs and streams, description of,
148-154.

Spring-tides, cause and occurrence, 129.
Stannovoi mountain-ranges, 70.
Station of a plant, meaning of, 273.
Steppes of Old World, 90, 91.
Stratified and unstratified rocks defined,
26.

Streams or rivulets, functions of, 153,
154.

Streams and springs, nature of, 148-
153.

Sub-arctic zone of vegetation, 257.
Sub-tropical zones of vegetation, 254.
Sun's rays, effects of, on vegetation,
263.

TABLE-LANDS or plateaus, 83-86 G.
Tasmania, aspects and character of, 352.
Taurus and Anti-Taurus mountains, 67.
Tehnornozem, or black earth of Russia,
90.

Telegraphic plateau of Atlantic, 119 G.
Temperature, warmer and colder, zones,
255, 256.

Temperature, or heat of globe, 16-18.
Temperature of ocean, 120.
Tertiary system, description of, 31.
The earth, its general or planetary rela-
tions, 9, 23; its motions, 11; its figure
and dimensions, 13; proofs of its
rotundity, 13; its area and contents,

14; density, 15; temperature, 16; aerial
envelope, 17; its structure and com-
position, 24-33

Tibet, mountain ranges of, 69.

Tibet, plateau or table-land of, 83.
Tidal wave, nature and character of,
132.

Tides, their origin and influence, 129-
133 G.

Tigris, rise, course, and development,
186.

Trade winds, nature and cause of, 213.
Trappean rocks, nature and origin of,

32.

Triassic and Permian systems, 31.
Tropical zones of vegetation, 253.
Tropics, origin and definition of term,
21 G.

Tundras or frozen morasses of Siberia,
90.

Typhoons or hurricanes of Chinese Sea,
224.

UNSTRATIFIED and stratified rocks, de-
fined, 26.

Uralian mountain-system, 65.

VALLEYS or minor plains, 96, 97.
Variable winds, account of, 221.
Vegetative character of American race,
295.

Velocity of streams and rivers, 161, 162.
Volcanic or igneous rocks, arrangement
of, 30.

Volcanic rocks, nature and origin of, 32.
Volcanoes and earthquakes, map of, p. 97.
Volume or size of rivers, 160.

WATER, circulation of, 147.

Water, hard and soft, causes of, 151.
Water, nature and composition of, 101.
Water, technical subdivisions of, 42, 43.
Watershed or watersched of rivers, 156.
Waterspouts and sand-pillars, 224.
Waves, nature and character of, 124-
128.

Whirlwinds, nature and causes of, 224.
Winds, nature and functions of, 210-
225, G.

Wind waves, height and velocity of, 126-
128.

YABLONOI mountain-range, 70.
Yang-tse-Kiang, rise and development
of, 182.

Year, cause and definition of, 11.

ZONE of calms and variables, 215 G.
Zones of the earth, characteristics of,
21 G.

Zones of vegetation, 252-259.

Zoological kingdoms and provinces, 277.