cernuous, striated, its walls opaque, thick, and firm, furrowed when dry, strumose at the base. Annulus none. Lid rostrate. Teeth of the peristome 16, inserted below the mouth of the capsule, bifid, internally trabeculate, with numerous longitudinal striæ, as in Trematodon, incurved. Spores small. Vaginula oblong, subcylindrical. Stems dichotomously branched, more or less densely caspitose, without radicular fibres, rigid, and blackish. Leaves white or pale-glaucous, crowded, suberect, subsecund, lance. olato-subulate, semi-amplexicaul, canaliculate above, formed of two or more distinct strata of large rectangular-oblong parenchymatous cellules, communicating with each other by circular pores, without chlorophyll; marginal cells prosenchymatous, narrow and elongated, disposed in a single layer. Inflorescence monoicous. Fertile flower terminal. Archegonia 8-12, with very long, slender styles; no paraphyses. Barren flowers gemmiform, clustered, arising from a mass of radicular fibres which crown the abortive female flower, subsequently developed into a slender ramulus, with terminal and lateral flowers. Antheridia about 4 together, very small, with filiform paraphyses, somewhat longer than the antheridia. This genus is intermediate between Dicranum and Leucophanes Bridel, agreeing with the first in the capsule and peristome, and with the latter in the singular texture of the leaves, which is analogous also to that of Octoblepharum and of Syrrhopodon, and very different from that of Sphagnum. An exotic species of this genus (Dicranum candidum Schwaegr.) is remarkable for its almost pleurocarpous fructification, analogous to that of Dicranum Sieberianum Schwaegr., which is figured and described in Hook. Musc. Exot. under the name of Leucodon pallidus. The generic name Xɛukos, white, is expressive of the colour of the foliage, and is applied to those Sphagnum-like species of Dicranum which have leaves composed of a double layer of cellular tissue. Sphagnum Javense Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 102., belongs to this genus. Leucobryum glaucum Hampe (white-leaved Fork-Moss); stems repeatedly dichotomous, elongated, fragile; leaves crowded, erect, subsecund, lanceolato-subulate, canaliculate, rather obtuse and apiculate; capsule cernuous, strumose, furrowed when dry; lid with a long beak. (TAB. XVI.) Leucobryum glaucum Bryol. Eur. fasc. 41. t. 1. Dicranum glaucum Hedw. Sp. M. Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 48. Web. and Mohr. Turner. Smith, Eng. Bot. t. 2166. Oncophorus glaucus Bryol. Eur. (name since changed). Bryum glaucum Linn. Sp. Pl. Dill. Musc. t. 46. f. 20. and t. 83. f. 8. Hab. On moist heaths, turbaries, and in moist woods; rare in fruit. Near Rufus' Stone, New Forest, in fruit, Mr. Lyell. Ireland, Miss Hutchins. South of Scotland. Hampshire. Gloucestershire; and in a few other places. Growing in very extensive, compact, but incoherent tufts, of a whitish colour. Fr. March. Stems 2-8 or more inches long; repeatedly dichotomous and fastigiate, fragile. Leaves subulate from an ovate-lanceolate amplexicaul base, entire, canaliculate above, the lower half with a narrow thin and membranous border, the rest of the leaf thick and succulent, composed of 2 strata of rectangular cellules with intercellular cavities and pores; in the lower portion of the leaf frequently increased to 3 or 4 layers of cellules. Fruitstalks frequently two together in the same perichætium, red. Capsule reddish-brown or purplish. This cannot be confounded with any other British moss. 18. CERATODON Bridel. DIDYMODON Hook and Tayl. Capsule on a long subflexuose pedicel, suberect, or cernuous, oblong, or cylindrical, with a short ventricose or strumose neck, striated, or uniformly coloured, angular, or widely furrowed when dry, its walls thick and firm, composed of elongated cellules. Lid conical, subrostellate. Calyptra cucullate, with a long beak. Annulus broad, with double row of cellules, deciduous. Peristome single; teeth 16, lanceolate, very deeply cloven or composed of two equal subulate portions, connected below by transverse internally prominent articulations, converging when wet, spirally incurved when dry, composed of two differently coloured laminæ, the outer one red, narrower than the inner one, which is yellow. Spores small. Vaginula oblong. Stems growing on the soil, perennial, cæspitose, with innovations, usually 2 together, from below the fertile flower, hence repeatedly and dichotomously branched and fastigiate. Leaves in three or five vertical rows, crowded, lanceolate or lanceolatosubulate, concave, entire, with a roundish nerve; areola small, quadrate, or dotlike above, larger, elongated, and pellucid below. Inflorescence dioicous, terminal. A genus intermediate between Dicranum and Trichostomum, allied to the first of these in the capsule and peristome, and to the latter in the mode of growth, ramification, and foliage. Its true place in the series is not very obvious, and one species, referred hither by Bruch and Schimper, is quite ambiguous in its character. Name from Kɛpaç, a horn, and odwv, tooth; the teeth having some resemblance to a goat's horn. SECT. I. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, carinate; capsule angular when dry. 1. Ceratodon purpureus Bridel (purple Fork-Moss); stems cæspitose, dichotomously branched; leaves oblong-lanceolate, margin recurved, nerve excurrent; capsule oblong or oval, regular or slightly curved, erect, or subcernuous, cernuous and horizontal when dry; lid conical; teeth of the peristome united below by a basilar membrane, equally bifid, with crowded transverse bars below, margin pale. (TAB. XX.) C. purpureus Brid. Bryol. Univ. Br. and Sch. Monogr. p. 5. t. 1 and 2. Dicranum purpureum Hedw. Sp. Musc. t. 36. Turner. Smith, Eng. Bot. t. 2262. Schwaegr. Web and Mohr. Didymodon purpureus Hook, and Tayl. Dill. Musc. t. 49. f. 50, 51, 52, and 54. Dicranum Celsii Hedw. Sp. Musc. t. 33. D. intermedium Ibid. t. 31. D. strictum Smith, Eng. Bot. t. 2294. D. bipartitum Smith. Trichostomum papillosum Smith, Eng. Bot. t. 2533. Mnium purpureum Linn. Bryum Celsii Linn. Hab. Very common on banks, &c., not only throughout Britain, but in all parts of the world. Fr. April, May. Growing in rather soft extended patches of a dull green colour. Stems varying in length, according to age and local circumstances, from inch to 3 inches. Leaves spreading from an erect base, slightly incurved at top, suberect and slightly twisted or crisped when dry, keeled, margins reflexed, entire, or scarcely denticulate at the apex; nerve rather strong, roundish, excurrent; perichætial leaves larger, sheathing. Capsule on a purplish-red fruitstalk, ellipticoblong or subcylindrical, slightly bent and irregular, purple, shining, furrowed when dry, with a short tumid struma at the base. Lid conical, acute, sometimes subrostellate. Teeth of the peristome long, narrow, and deeply cloven, the segments when dry spirally incurved, often in a greater degree than is shown in the figure given by Bruch and Schimper. Barren-flowered plants more slender than the fertile ones. This species is subject, according to locality, to many variations, but, when once known, can be recognised even in a barren state. It is a great ornament of walls, &c. in early spring and in winter, when the young bright-red fruitstalks appear. A closely allied species, C. stenocarpus Br. and Sch., from the Neelgherry mountains, and from Mexico, is distinguished by the narrower capsules and pale slender fruitstalks. The peristome of C. purpureus is a very beautiful object under the microscope. SECT. II. Leaves subulate from a dilated base; capsule smooth. 2. Ceratodon cylindricus Br. and Sch. (narrow-fruited ForkMoss); stems gregarious, dwarfish; leaves subulate from an ovate sheathing base, widely spreading and flexuose above, denticulate, nerve predominant; capsule on a pale slender fruitstalk, cylindrical, erect or slightly curved, smooth when dry; lid conical. (TAB. XXXIX.) Bryol. Europ. Monogr. p. 6. t. 3. Trichostomum cylindricum Hedw. Sp. Musc. t. 24. T. tenuifolium and tenue Schrader, in Herb. Smith. Hart Hab. On sandy banks, in moist shady places; not common; rare in fruit. On several ditch banks near the Botanic Garden, Belfast, with old capsules, Nov. 1830, T. Drummond. Lancashire and Derbyshire, W. Wilson. On old charcoal stools in the Castle-Howard Woods, Yorkshire, growing with C. purpureus; also in Stockton Forest, Mr. Spruce. Fr. April. May. Stems loosely cæspitose or gregarious, about inch long, sparingly branched. Leaves very narrow, spreading and flexuose in the upper part, dilated and sheathing below, more crisped when dry, the narrow spreading portion formed of the solid predominant nerve, which is minutely but sharply denticulate at the edges and back, or somewhat papillose. Perichatial leaves with larger sheathing bases, spreading above. Capsule narrow, slightly curved, suberect, reddish or yellowishbrown, rather glossy, more curved when dry. Fruitstalk about an inch long, slender, pale. Vaginula oblong. Calyptra reaching half way down the capsule. Lid conical, about of the length of the capsule. Annulus as in the preceding species, and the peristome very similar in structure. Barren-flowered plants more slender than the fertile ones. This moss in the foliage is not unlike Dicranum crispum, nor very different from Bryum pyriforme, with which it sometimes grows. It is allied also to Dicranum Grevilleanum, and is sometimes found growing with it. From all these it may be easily distinguished, when in fruit, by the cylindrical capsule, and in a barren state by the sharply denticulate or papillose leaves. SUBORDER VI. CAMPYLOPODEÆ. 19. DICRANODONTIUM Bruch and Schimper. Capsule on an elongated arcuate fruitstalk, smooth, ellipticoblong, of thin texture. Lid conico-subulate. Annulus small, persistent. Calyptra cucullate, entire at the base. Peristome single; teeth 16, linear-lanceolate, distantly trabeculate, cloven almost or quite to the base into two unequal divisions, obliquely striated. Spores small. Vaginula oblong. Stems cæspitose, erect, with innovations from below the flowering apex, tomentose with radicles. Leaves erecto-patent, falcato-secund, subulato-setaceous from a dilated and sheathing base, fragile and deciduous; nerve broad and predominant ; areola narrow, larger and quadrate at the base of the leaf. Inflorescence dioicous. Flowers gemmiform, terminal. Perennial, growing on the ground, in mountainous districts, or occasionally on rocks; in habit resembling Dicranum, and still more nearly allied to Campylopus, from which it is distinguished by the smooth capsule, by the entire (not fringed) calyptra, by the rudimentary annulus, the long narrow teeth of the peristome, which are not confluent at the base, but almost constantly cloven to the very base and inserted below the orifice of the capsule, and by the more lax tissue of the leaves and perfectly smooth nerve. Only one species is as yet known. Name from dispavos, forked, and odwr, tooth. Dicranodontium longirostre Br. and Sch. (beaked Swanneck Moss); the only species of the genus. (TAB. XXXIX.) Bryol. Europ. fasc. 41. p. 2. t. 1. Didymodon longirostrum Web. and Mohr. Bot. Tasch. p. 155. D. longirostris Bridel, Br. Univ. i. p. 512. Cynodontium longirostre Schwaegr. Suppl. i. 1. p. 111. Dicranum denudatum Bridel, Sp. Musc. C. Müller, Syn. Dicranum flexuosum Bridel, Musc. Recent. Röhling. Hab. In mountainous woods; rare. Cromagloun, near Killarney, barren, June 1841, Dr. Taylor. Fr. Oct. Growing in rather dense broad yellowish silky patches. Stems 1-3 inches in height, blackish, covered in the lower part with reddish radicles. Leaves more or less falcato-secund, interruptedly crowded, often deciduous and fragile, subulato-setaceous from an ovate dilated sheathing base, channelled, very narrow above, denticulate near the apex, yellowish-green, glossy; nerve broad, occupying all the upper portion of the leaf; areolæ narrow, oblong; large, diaphanous and quadrangular at the sheathing base of the leaf. Perichætial leaves larger and more sheathing below. Fruitstalk about inch long, pale yellow, rather thick, much curved when moist, and the capsule then concealed amongst the leaves, erect when dry. Capsule ellipticoblong, pale olive, while filled with the small olive-coloured spores, afterwards yellowish-brown, reddish at the mouth, smooth" (not |