AE is the same multiple of CF, that AB is of CD; therefore EB is the same multiple of FD, that AB is of CD. Therefore, if any magnitude, &c. Q. E. D. PROP. VI. THEOR. Ir two magnitudes be equimultiples of two others, and if equimultiples of these be taken from the first two, the remainders are either equal to these others, or equimultiples of them.* Let the two magnitudes AB, CD be equimultiples of the two E, F, and AG, CH taken from the first two be equimultiples of the same E, F; the remainders GB, HD are either equal to E, F, or equimultiples of them... K First, Let GB be equal to E, HD is A equal to F: make CK equal to F; and because AG is the same multiple of E, that CH is of F, and that GB is equal to E, and CK to F; therefore AB is the same multiple of E, that KH is of F. But AB, by the hypothesis, is the same multiple of E that CD is of F; therefore KH is the same multiple of F, that CD is of F; wherefore KH is equal to CD (1. Ax. 5.): take away the common magnitude CH, then the remainder KC is equal to the remainder HD; but KC is equal to F; HD therefore is equal to F. Ꮐ H B · D E A But let GB be a multiple of E: then HD is the same multiple of F, make CK the same multiple of F, that GB is of E: and because AG is the same multiple of E, that CH is of F; and GB the same multiple of E that CK is of F: therefore AB is the same mul- GT ,tiple of E, that KH is of F (2. 5.): but AB is the same multiple of E, that CD is of F, therefore KH is the same multiple of F, that CD is of it; wherefore KH is equal to CD (1. Ax. 5.): take away CH from both; therefore the remainder KC is equal to the remainder HD: and because GB is the same B See Note. K ст HT F multiple of E, that KC is of F, and that KC is equal to HD; therefore HD is the same multiple of F, that GB is of E. If therefore two magnitudes, &c. Q. E. D.' PROP. A. THEOR. Ir the first of four magnitudes have to the second the same ratio which the third has to the fourth; then, if the first be greater then the second, the third is also greater than the fourth; and if equal, equal; if less, less.* Take any equimultiples of each of them, as the doubles of each; then, by def. 5th of this book, if the double of the first be greater than the double of the second, the double of the third is greater than the double of the fourth; but, if the first be greater than the second, the double of the first, is greater than the double of the second; wherefore also the double of the third is greater then the double of the fourth; therefore the third is greater than the fourth: in like manner, if the first be equal to the second, or less than it, the third can be proved to be equal to the fourth, or less than it. Therefore, if the first, &c. Q. E. D. PROP. B. THEOR. Ir four magnitudes be proportionals, they are proportionals also when taken inversely.* If the magnitude A be to B, as C is to D, then also inversely B is to A, as D to C. Take of B and D any equimultiples whatever E and F; and of A and C any equimultiples whatever G and H. First, Let E be greater than G, then G is less than E; and because A is to B, as C is to D, and of A and C, the first and third, G, and H are equimultiples; and of B and D, the second and fourth, E and F are equimultiples; and that G is less than E, H is also (5. def. 5.) less than F; that is, F is greater than H; if therefore E be greater then G, F is greater than H; in like manner, if E be equal to G, F may be shown to be equal to H; and, if less, less; and E, F are any equimultiples whatever of * See Notes. 1 G H A В E B and D, and G, H any whatever of A and C; therefore, as B is to A, so is D to C. If, then, four magnitudes, &c. Q. E. D. PROP. C. THEOR. Ir the first be the same multiple of the second, or the same part of it, that the third is of the fourth; the first is to the second, as the third is to the fourth.* Let the first A be the same multiple of B the second, that C the third is of the fourth D: A is to B as C is to D. Take of A and C any equimultiples whatever E and F; and of B and D any equimultiples whatever G and H; then, because A is the same multiple of B that C is of D; and that E is the same multiple of A, that F is of C; E is the same multiple of B that F is of D (3. 5.); therefore E and F are the same multiples of B and D: but G and H are equimultiples of B and D; therefore, if E be a greater multiple of B, than G is, F is a greater multiple of D, than H is of D; that is, if E be greater than G, F is greater than H: in like manner, if E be equal to G, or less; F is equal to H, or less than it. But E, F are any equimultiples whatever, of A,C, and G, H any equimultiples whatever of B, D. Therefore A is to B, as C is to D (5. def.). Next, Let the first A be the same part of the second B, that the third C is of the fourth D: A is to B, as C is to D: for B is the same multiple of A, that D is of C: wherefore, by the preceding case, B is to A, as D is to C; and inversely (B. 5.) A is to B, as C is to D. Therefore, if the first be the same multiple, &c. Q. E. D. * See Note. PROP. D. THEOR. If the first be to the second as the third to the fourth, and if the first be a multiple, or part of the second; the third is the same multiple, or the same part of the fourth.* Let A be to B, as C is to D; and first let A be a multiple of B, C is the same multiple of D. Take E equal to A, and whatever multiple A or E is of B, make F the same multiple of D: then, because A is to B, as C is to D; and of B the second, and D the fourth equimultiples have been taken E and F; A is to E, as C to F (Cor. 4. 5.): but A is equal to E, therefore C is equal to F (A. 5.). and F is the same multiple of D, that A is of B. Wherefore C is the same multiple of D, that A is of B. Next, Let the first A be a part of the second B; C the third is the same part of the fourth+ D. Because A is to B, as C is to D; then inversely, B is (B. 5.) to A, as D to C: but A is a part of B, therefore B is a multiple of A; and, by the preceding case, D is the same multiple of C, that is, C is the same part of D, that A is of B; therefore, if the first, &c. Q. E. D. PROP, VII. THEOR. A B C D E F EQUAL magnitudes have the same ratio to the same magnitude; and the same has the same ratio to equal magnitudes. Let A and B be equal magnitudes, and C any other. A and B have each of them the same ratio to C; and C has the same ratio to each of the magnitudes A and B. Take of A and B any equimultiples whatever D and E, and * See Note. See the figure at the foot of the preceding page. of C any multiple whatever F; then, because D'is the same multiple of A, that E is of B, and that A is equal to B; D is (1 Ax. 5.) equal to E: therefore, if D be greater than F. E is greater than F; and if equal, equal; if less, less: and D, E are any equimultiples of A, B, and, F is any multiple of C. Therefore (5. def. 5.) as A is to C, so is B to C. Likewise C has the same ratio to A, that it has to B: for having made the same construction, D may in like manner be shown equal to E: therefore, if F be greater than D, it is likewise greater than E; and if equal equal; if less, less: and F is any multiple whatever of C, and D, E are any equimultiples whatever of A, B. Therefore C is to A, as C is to B (5. def. 5.). Therefore equal magnitudes, &c. Q. E. Ó. PROP. VIII. THEOR. E A B F Or unequal magnitudes, the greater has a greater ratio to the same the less has; and the same magnitude has a greater ratio to the less, than it has to the greater. Let AB, BC be unequal magnitudes, of which AB is the greater, and let D be any magnitude whatever: AB has a greater ratio to D, than BC to D; and Ď has a greater ratio to E BC than to AB. If the magnitude which is not the greater of the two AC, CB, be not less than D, take EF, FG, the doubles of F AC, CB, as in Fig. 1. But, if that which is not the greater of the two AC, CB be less than D (as in Fig. 2. and 3.) this magnitude can be multiplied, so as to become greater than D, whether it be AC, or CB. Let it be multiplied, until it become greater than D, and let the other be multipled as often; and let EF be the multiple thus taken of AC, and FG the same multiple of CB; therefore EF and FG are each of them greater than * See Note. G Fig. 1. A ст B L KH D |