AC equal to the two DE, DF, each to each, viz. AB equal to DE, and AC to DF; but the angle BAC greater than the angle EDF; the base BC is also greater than the base EF. Of the two sides DE, DF, let DE be the side which is not greater than the other, and at the point D, in the straight line DE, make (23. 1.) the angle EDG equal to the angle BAC; and make DG equal (3. 1.) to AC or DF, and join EG, GF. A D Because AB is equal to DE, and AC to DG, the two sides BA, AC are equal to the two ED, DG, each to each, and the angle BAC is equal to the angle EDG; therefore the base BC is equal (4.1.) to the base EG; and because DG is equal to DF, the angle DFG is equal (5. 1.) to the angle DGF; but the angle DGF is greater than the angle EGF; therefore B E C G F the angle DFG is greater than EGF; and much more is the angle EFG greater than the angle EGF; and because the angle EFG of the triangle EFG is greater than its angle EGF, and that the greater (19. 1.) side is opposite to the greater angle; the side EG is therefore greater than the side EF; but EG is equal to BC; and therefore also BC is greater than EF. Therefore, if two triangles, &c. Q. E. D. PROP. XXV. THEOR. IF two triangles have two sides of the one equal to two sides of the other, each to each, but the base of the one greater than the base of the other; the angle also contained by the sides of that which has the greater base, shall be greater than the angle contained by the sides equal to them, of the other. Let ABC, DEF be two triangles which have the two sides AB, AC equal to the two sides DE, DF, each to each, viz. AB equal to DE, and AC to DF; but the base CB is greater than the base EF; the angle BAC is likewise greater than the angle EDF. For, if it be not greater, it must either be equal to it, or less; but the angle BAC is not equal to the angle FDF, because then the base BC would be equal (4. 1.) to EF; but it is not; A therefore the angle BAC is not equal to the angle ELF, neither is it less; because then the base BC would be less (24. 1.) than the base EF; but it is not; therefore the angle BAC is not less B D CE F than the angle EDF; and it was shown that it is not equal to it; therefore the angle BAC is greater than the angle EDF. Wherefore, if two triangles, &c. Q. E. D. PROP. XXVI. THEOR. IF two triangles have two angles of one equal to two angles of the other, each to each; and one side equal to one side, viz. either the sides adjacent to the equal angles, or the sides opposite to equal angles in each; then shall the other sides be equal, each to each; and also the third angle of the one to the third angle of the other. Let ABC, DEF be two triangles which have the angles ABC, BCA equal to the angles DEF, EFD, viz. ABC to DEF, and BCA to EFD; also one side equal to one side; and first let those sides be equal which are adjacent shall be equal, each A B Ꭰ and the third angle BAC to the third angle EDF. For, if AB be not equal to DE, one of them must be the greater. Let AB be the greater of the two, and make BG equal to DE and join GC; therefore, because BG is equal to DE, and BC to EF, the two sides GB, BC are equal to the two DE, EF, each to each; and the angle GBC is equal to the angle DFF; therefore the base GC is equal (4. 1.) to the base DF, and the triangle GBC to the triangle DEF, and the other angles to the other angles, each to each, to which the equal sides are opposite; therefore the angle GCB is equal to the angle DFE; but DFE is, by the hypothesis, equal to the angle BCA; wherefore also the angle BCG is equal to the angle BCA, the less to the greater, which is impossible; therefore AB is not unequal to DE, that is, it is equal to it, and BC is equal to EF; therefore the two AB, BC are equal to the two DE, EF, each to each; and the angle ABC is equal to the angle DEF; the base therefore AC is equal 4. 1.) to the base DF, and the third angle BAC to the third angle EDF. Next, let the sides which are opposite to equal angles in each triangle be equal to one an- A other, viz. AB to DE; likewise in this case, the B D HCE F other sides shall be equal, PROP. XXVII. THEOR. Ir a straight line falling upon two other straight lines, makes the alternate angles equal to one another, these two straight lines shall be parallel. Let the straight line EF, which falls upon the two straight lines AB, CD make the alternate angles AEF, EFD equal to one another; AB is parallel to CD. E For, if it be not parallel, AB and CD being produced shall meet either towards B, D, or towards A, C; let them be produced and meet towards B, D, in the point G; therefore GEF is a triangle, and its exterior angle AEF is greater (16. 1.) than the interior and opposite angle EFG; but it is also equal to it, which is impossible; A. therefore AB and CD being produced do not meet towards B, D. In like manner C it may be demonstrated that they do not meet towards A, F B G D C; but those straight lines which meet neither way, though produced ever so far, are parallel (35. def.) to one another. AB therefore is parallel to CD. Wherefore, if a straight line, &c. Q. E. D. PROP. XXVIII. THEOR. Ir a straight line falling upon two other straight lines. makes the exterior angle equal to the interior and opposite upon the same side of the line; or makes the interior angles upon the same side together equal to two right angles; the two straight lines shall be parallel to one ano EGB, equal (15. 1.) to the angle AGH, the angle AGH is equal to the angle GHD; and they are the alternate angles; therefore AB is parallel (27. 1.) to CD. Again, because the angles BGH, GHD are equal (by hyp.) to two right angles; and that AGH, BGH are also equal (13. 1.) to two right angles; the angles AGH, BGH are equal to the angles BGH, GHD: take away the common angle BGH; therefore the remaining angle AGH is equal to the remaining angle GHD; and they are alternate angles; therefore AB is parallel to CD. Wherefore, if a straight line, &c. Q. E. D. PROP. XXIX. THEOR. Ir a straight line fall upon two parallel straight lines, it makes the alternate angles equal to one another; and the exterior angle equal to the interior and opposite upon the same side; and likewise the two interior angles upon the same side together equal to two right angles.* E Let the straight line EF fall upon the parallel straight lines AB, CD; the alternate angles, AGH, GHD are equal to one another; and the exterior angle EGB is equal to the interior and opposite upon the same side GHD, and the two interior angles BGH, GHD upon the same side are together equal to two right A angles. For if AGH be not equal to GHD, one of them must be great-C er than the other; let AGH be the greater; and because the angle AGH is greater than the angle H B G D F GHD, add to each of them the angle BGH; therefore the angles AGH, BGH are greater than the angles BGH, GHD; but the angles AGH, BGH are equal (13. 1.) to two right angles; therefore the angles BGH, GHD are less than two right angles; but those straight lines which, with another straight line falling upon them, make the interior angles on the same side less than two right angles, do meet (12 ax.)* together if continually produced; therefore the straight lines AB, CD, if produced far enough, shall meet; but they never meet, since they are parallel 1 *See the notes to this proposition. E |