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PROP. VII. THEOR.

Ir any point be taken in the diameter of a circle, which is not the centre, of all the straight lines which can be drawn from it to the circumference, the greatest is that in which the centre is, and the other part of that diameter is the least; and, of any others, that which is nearer to the line which passes through the centre is always greater than one more remote; and from the same point there can be drawn only two straight lines that are equal to one another, one upon each side of the shortest line.

Let ABCD be a circle, and AD its diameter, in which let any point F be taken which is not the centre; let the centre be E; of all the straight lines FB, FC, FG, &c. that can be drawn from F to the circumference, FA is the greatest, and FD, the other part of the diameter AD, is the least: and of the other, FB is greater than FC, and FC than FG.

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Join BE, CE, GE; and because two sides of a triangle are greater (20. 1.) than the third, BE, EF are greater than BF; but AE is equal to EB; therefore AE, EF, that is, AF, is greater than BF: again, because BE is equal to CE, and FE common to the triangles BEF, CEF, the two sides BE, EF are equal to the two CE, EF; but the angle BEF is greater than the angle CEF; therefore the base BF is greater (24. 1.) than the base FC: for the same reason, CF is greater than GF: again, because GF, FE are greater (20. 1.) than EG, and EG, is equal to ED; GF, FE are greater than ED: take away the common part FE, and the remainder GF is greater than the remainder FD: therefore FA is the greatest, and FD the least of all the straight lines from F to the circumference; and BF is greater than CF, and CF than GF.

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Also there can be drawn only two equal straight lines from the point F to the circumference, one upon each side of the

shortest line FD: at the point E, in the straight line EF, make (23. 1.) the angle FEH equal to the angle GEF, and join FH: then because GE is equal to EH, and EF common to the two triangles GEF, HEF; the two sides GE, EF are equal to the two HE, EF; and the angle GEF is equal to the angle HEF; therefore the base FG is equal (4. 1.) to the base FH: but, besides FH, no other straight line can be drawn from F to the circumference equal to FG. for, if there can, let it be FK; and because FK is equal to FG, and FG to FH, FK is equal to FH: that is a line nearer to that which passes through the centre, is equal to one which is more remote; which is impossible. Therefore, if any point be taken, &c. Q. E. D.

PROP. VIII THEOR.

If any point be taken without a circle, and straight lines be drawn from it to the circumference, whereof one passes through the centre, of those which fall upon the concave circumference, the greatest is that which passes through the centre, and, of the rest, that which is nearer to that through the centre is always greater than the more remote: but of those which fall upon the convex circumference, the least is that between the point without the circle and the diameter; and, of the rest, that which is nearer to the least is always less than the more remote: and only two equal straight lines can be drawn from the point into the circumference, one upon each side of the least.

Let ABC be a circle, and D any point without it, from which let the straight lines DA, DE, DF, DC be drawn to the circumference, whereof DA passes through the centre. Of those which fall upon the concave part of the circumference AEFC, the greatest is AD which passes through the centre; and the nearer to it is always greater, than the more remote, viz. DE than DF, and DF than DC; but of those which fall upon the convex circumference HLKG, the least is DG between the

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point D and the diameter AG; and the nearer to it is always less than the more remote viz. DK than DL, and DL than DÍ. Take (1. 3.) M the centre of the circle ABC, and join ME, MF MC, MK, ML, MH: and because AM is equal to ME, add MD to each, therefore AD is equal to EM, MD; but EM, MD are greater (20. 1.) than ED; therefore also AD is greater than ED: again because ME is equal to MF, and MD common to the triangles EMD, FMD: EM, MD are equal to FM, MD; but the angle EMD is greater than the angle FMD; therefore the base ED is greater (24. 1.) than the base FD: in like manner it may be shown that FD is greater than CD: therefore DA is the greatest: and DE greater than DF, and DF than DC: and because MK, KD are greater (20. 1.) than MD, and MK is equal to MG, the remainder KD is greater (4. Ax.) C than the remainder GD, that is, GD is less than KD:, and because MK, DK, are drawn to the point K within the triangle MLD from M, D, the extremities of its side MD; MK, KD are less, (21. 1.) than ML, LD whereof MK is equal to ML; therefore the remainder DK is less than the remainder DL: in like manner it may be shown that DL is less than DH: therefore DG is the least, and DK less than DL, and DL than DH: also there can be drawn only two equal straight lines from the point D to the circumference, one upon each side of the least: at the point M, in the straight line MD, make the angle DMB equal to the angle DMK, and join DB; and because MK is equal to MB, and MD common to the triangles KMD, BMD, the two sides KM, MD are equal to the two BM, MD; and the angle KMD is equal to the angle BMD; therefore the base DK is equal to (4. 1,) the base DB: but, besides DB, there can be no straight line drawn from D to the circumference equal to DK: for, if there can, let it be DN; and because DK is equal to DN, and also to DB; th refore DB is equal to DN, that is, the nearer to the least equal to the more remote, which is impossible. If, therefore, any point, &c. Q. E. D.

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PROP. IX. THEOR.

Ir a point be taken within a circle, from which there fall more than two equal straight lines to the circumference, that point is the centre of the circle.

Let the point D be taken within the circle ABC, from which to the circumference there fall more than two equal straight lines, viz. DA, DB; DC: the point D is the centre of the circle.

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For, if not, let E be the centre, join DE, and produce it to the circumference in F, G; then FG is a diameter of the circle ABC: and because in FG, the diameter of the circle ABC, F there is taken the point D which is not the centre, DG shall be the greatest line from it to the circumference, and DC greater (7. 3.) than DB, and DB than DA; but they are likewise equal, which is impossible: therefore E is not the centre of the circle ABC in like manner it may be demonstrated, that no other point but D is the centre; D therefore is the centre. Wherefore, if a point be taken, &c. Q. E.D.

PROP. X. THEOR.

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ONE circumference of a circle cannot cut another in more than two points.

If it be possible, let the circumference FAB cut the circumference DEF in more than two points, viz: in B, G, F; take the centre K of thecircle ABC, and join KB, KG, KF; and · E because within the circle DEF there is taking the point K trom which to the circumference DEF fall more than two equal straight lines KB, KG, KF, the point K is (9. 3.) thetre of the circle DEF: but K is also the entre of the circle ABC; therefore the

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same point is the centre of two circles that cut one another, which is impossible (5. 3.). Therefore one circumference of a circle cannot cut another in more than two points. Q. E. D.

PROP, XI. THEOR.

If two circles touch each other internally, the straight line which joins their centres being produced shall pass through the point of contact.

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Let the two circles ABC, ADE touch each other internally in the point A, and let F be the centre of the circle ABC, and G the centre of the circle ADE: the straight line which joins the centres F, G, being produced, passes through the point A.

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For, if not, let it fall otherwise, if possible, as FGDH, and join AF. AG: and because AG, GF are greater (20. 1.) than FA, that is, than FH. for FA is equal to FH, both being from the same centre; take away the common part FG; therefore the remainder AG is greater than the remainder GH. but AG is equal to GD; therefore GD is greater than GH, the less than the greater, which is impossible. Therefore the straight line which joins the points F, G cannot fall otherwise than upon the point A, that is, it must pass through it. Therefore, if two circles, &c. Q. E. D.

PROP. XII. THEOR.

Ir two circles touch each other externally, the straight line which joins their centres shall pass through the point of contact.

Let the two circles ABC, ADE touch each other externally in the point A; and let F be the centre of the circle ABC, and G the centre of ADE: the straight line which joins the points F, G shall pass through the point of contact A.

For, if not, let it pass otherwise, if possible, as FCDG, and

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