TWENTIETH CENTURY

CYCLOPÆDIA

XX CENTURY
CYCLOPÆDIA

AND
ATLAS

BIOGRAPHY, HISTORY, ART,

SCIENCE AND

GAZETEER OF THE WORLD

Edited by

A. R. SPOFFORD

and

CHARLES ANNANDALE, M.A., LL.D.

Vol. VIII.

New York and Philadelphia: GEBBIE & CO.

1901