Civilization in Its Effects on Morbidity and Mortality-Oral Relationship.The mouths of civilized men suffer very much more from dental disorders than those of primitive men. The question of heredity and evolution may be considered as being too slow in action to be responsible to any great degree for this disorder. Among the environmental causes may be mentioned: (1) the decrease in breast feeding, which deprives the child of its natural food, the substitutes not containing some of the essential elements to normal growth and development; (2) the unnatural method of eating, which does not afford sufficient exercise of the jaws and muscles to insure the physical development of these parts; (3) the change from the coarse, tough, gritty foods to the softer, prepared, mushy foods. These civilized foods are swallowed with not enough admixture of saliva. They are also less cleansing to the teeth than are the gritty foods. These factors cause decay and subsequent loss of the teeth. Decayed teeth are the cause of rheumatism, endocarditis, keratitis, neuralgia, and other diseases. The disorder of irregular teeth, or malocclusion, impairs the function of certain organs and lowers efficiency by: (1) insufficient mastication of food with a consequent impaired digestion; (2) lack of general bodily growth and development, and (3) lack of local growth. Dentistry is making a strong endeavor educationally and through school C. N. clinics to do preventive work on young children.-Frank A. Delabarre, Journal of Sociologic Medicine, August, 1918. Notre Tâche de Demain dans la Pratique de la Prophylaxie Physique; Intellectuelle et Morale de Nos Ecoliers de Deux Sexes.-School hygiene is making good progress, though much improvement is yet to be expected in the line of medical and surgical discoveries of the future. The reform of school architecture and the introduction of physical culture are being accomplished. L'Ecole Monge and the school of Noisiel may serve as models in this respect. The most important task of the school hygiene is the prevention of diseases of which the most common are shortsightedness, the inflammation of the ear, nose, and brain. Shortsightedness is mostly due to inadequate lighting facilities and bad writing habits. It can be prevented only by scientific architecture, better teaching methods, and medical examinations. Defective hearing was observed in all countries. In the Volksschulen of Stuttgart Dr. Weill has found 30 per cent of all children affected with this disease. In France, among other preventive measures, the introduction of music was recommended. Neurology is determined by lack of oxygen and the presence of organic matter and J. H. evaporated water in the air.-Dr. L. Barthes, Revue philanthropique, May, 1918. National Effectiveness and Health Insurance.-When the soldiers return from the trenches the following problems should be solved to their satisfaction: (1) The public-health problem-the guaranty of healthful working conditions of the masses. The average human life may be much extended and thousands of cases of sickness may be prevented by a healthful physical condition and the knowledge of hygiene already at hand. (2) Financial aspect-adequate provisions for medical attention of the employees and of the dependent members of their families. Cash payments based on a percentage of wages should be paid to employees when incapacitated by sickness. The great expense thus incurred would be met through the accumulation of many small weekly payments from both employers and employees under state supervision. (3) Health insurance problems. In 1911 England adopted a system of workmen's health insurance. Germany and other Continental countries have adopted compulsory contributory systems of health insurance. In the United States the workmen's compensation movement in seven years spread over four-fifths of the country and was followed last year by wise provision by the United States government of accident, health, and life insurance for soldiers and sailors. (4) Necessity for a general sanitary system-healthful working conditions. While we are striving to make our troops the healthiest army, we should also set up the same ideal for the much C. N. more numerous army of industrial workers at home.-John P. Penn, Annals of the · American Academy of Political and Social Science, July, 1918. Mental Hygiene and Social Work: Notes on a Course in Social Psychiatry for Social Workers.-Medicine has developed the nurse; similarly applied sociology has developed quite on the same level the social worker. It is obvious that the public health nurse of today is no better prepared to be an aid to a psychiatrist than the ordinary physician is trained to deal with psychopathic cases. Again, a collection of cases such as Miss Richmond's demonstrates so high a percentage of disease, and especially mental disease, that a revamping of the whole attitude of social service to its problem may become necessary, that social work in general will find itself far more medical than it ever formerly suspected, that medical social work will find itself more psychiatric than anyone had anticipated, and that psychiatric social work will find one of its chief aids in mental hygiene. A course for psychiatric social workers should be an advanced one containing a résumé of applied sociology and of the technique of social investigation, and a résumé of social psychology and the general principles of neuropsychiatry, preferably with demonstrations of patients. 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