contain applications to education of the "specific" instincts, the sentiments, and sundry "general" tendencies-as play, imitation, and sympathy.

The author repudiates behaviorism, holding that an element of meaning is essential in defining instinct, and that the psychologist as such is not concerned with the mechanisms described by the biologist. To a considerable extent he agrees with McDougall. It is a gap in the investigation that the historical and critical chapters do not deal carefully with Dewey's article in the Psychological Review, 1894-95. The bibliography does not list this notable revision of the status of instinct and emotion which Darwin and James had established.

E. L. TALBERT

UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI

The Responsible State. By FRANKLIN HENRY GIDDINGS. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1918. Pp. xii+108.

The name of this little volume would seem to imply a discussion of the paramount structural problem of political science-the satisfactory adjustment of the conflicting demands for scientific efficiency and for popular control. But in this respect the reader will be disappointed. The volume, which contains the Colver Lectures for 1918, is rather a sketchy and readable discussion of some of the problems of government which the World-War has emphasized in the mind of its author.

Patriotism is not merely blind instinct but is "a growing volume of emotion shot through with thought." The state is not omnipotent or supreme for historically, moral rights preceded the state and they are the foundations upon which it must be builded. Unlimited sovereignty, therefore, does not exist in fact, for authority is limited by considerations of human nature and morality. It follows, therefore, that the German theory that the state can do no wrong is vicious. But the state, as a guardian of the ethical rights which preceded it, has a moral claim to existence, and equality of opportunity for nations is the only basis of an enduring peace.

The duty of the modern state is to guard its people from invasion and protect civilization. Its dangers are twofold, absolutism from without and radical democracy from within. Its hope is the golden mean of democratic republicanism. As between the extreme claims of the individualist and the socialist there is as yet no basis for dogmatic statement. There must first be more experience and experimentation.

It is not through authority, revolution, or dogmatism that justice will come but only "through mental and moral evolution."

The work as a whole represents the personal opinions of an eminent sociologist upon some current political problems, which opinions are both interesting and suggestive though not always thorough and convincing. ARNOLD B. HALL

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN

Welfare and Housing. A practical report of war-time management. By J. E. HUTTON. London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1918. Pp. 192. $1.50.

As manager of the Labor and Catering Department of the Vicker's Limited, the largest commercial undertaking in England, Mr. Hutton's experience in the handling of large masses of employees and in providing their welfare as related in this book is a valuable record.

Divided into thirteen chapters, Welfare and Housing deals with welfare supervision, housing, catering, canteens, food values, motor transit, hospital and medical service, amusements, work's police, the women's point of view, and industrial unrest. Approaching the subject of industrial welfare from the efficiency expert's point of view, the author recognizes "that the environment and condition of life which not only render possible, but also maintain a vigorous and healthy staff of workers, are as much a part of successful factory management as the devising of machinery and the perfection of bases in the fixing of rates of wages." In the discussion of the technique of industrial welfare, Mr. Hutton substitutes "physiological management" as an expression preferable to "industrial welfare work." Throughout the discussion of the practical aspects of physiological management, one gains the impression that the few fundamental principles laid down by the author are based upon experiences derived from a wide field and under extremely varied conditions.

The chapter on "Temporary Housing" would prove of little value to the American reader since the experience of the United States during the war has made a more telling contribution toward the solution of the problem of the temporary housing than seems to have been made by the Vicker's Limited. The details relating to the industrial villages of Crayford and Erith are more interesting, both from the point of view of the method of organizing the financing and from that of management. This chapter could perhaps have been improved by more details as to

the basis upon which the types of houses were determined, particularly with regard to the size, arrangement of rooms, etc.

The chapter on "Industrial Unrest" might have been sacrificed in order to make room for a more detailed discussion of some of the processes which have led Mr. Hutton to his conclusions. The practical side of the problem as revealed from Mr. Hutton's unusual experience seems to be more in his field than a broad discussion of economic and social problems which he has attempted in his chapter on "Industrial Unrest."

CAROL ARONOVICI

ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA

Housing Conditions in the City of Saint Paul. BY CAROL ARONOVICI, PH.D. St. Paul: Amherst H. Wilder Co., 1918. Pp. 120.

$0.50.

This report was made to the Housing Commission in St. Paul concerning the conditions under which people live in that city, but the year in which the report or the survey was made is not indicated. Eighteen selected sections of St. Paul, inhabited by 18,425 people from many races, were included in the study. Thirty-four tables, several charts, a large number of splendid photographs, maps, and drawings are used to support and to illustrate the housing facts which have been obtained by the investigators, working under the direction of Dr. Carol Aronovici.

The recommendations for a new housing code for St. Paul appear to be excellent; they deserve study by the housing authorities in other large cities of the United States. For the urban housing and health worker, another valuable feature is an extended analysis of the housing ordinances in many large American cities; the regulations concerning ventilation, fire protection, water supply, plumbing, and so forth are concisely given and arranged for comparative purposes.

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

E. S. BOGARDUS

The Psychology of Handling Men in the Army. By JOSEPH PETERSON, M.D., and QUENTIN J. DAVID, L.L.B. Minneapolis, Minn.: Perine Book Company, 1918. Pp. 146. $1.00. This small book is fairly interesting and would prove helpful to an officer whose task was the immediate handling of privates if he were not familiar with the elements of psychology. It presents nothing new and is not based on any inductive study made during the present war,

except that opinions of certain officers are quoted. Psychological tests are not referred to, nor is there an adequate treatment of the psychology of large groups of men torn out of civilian environment and thrust into a camp with its greatly increased stimulation to certain normal impulses and repression of others. The chapter on leadership restates Cooley and presents general considerations of a practical philosophy sort; but will give little aid to the officer attempting to lead by offering stimuli to instincts of individuals, as the hypothesis of the text would suggest. Group response to social stimuli is so complex that principles of leadership are more profitably determined by inductive sociological methods than by deduction from principles of individual psychology.

There are three parts to most of the chapters, the first consisting of general remarks on the subjects by the junior author, the second of a theoretical discussion by the senior author, and the third of a few practical deductions and quotations from officers. Such subjects as competition, team play, discipline, leadership, and loyalty are treated. LEROY E. BOWMAN

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

Rural Problems of Today. By ERNEST R. GROVES. New York: Association Press, 1918. Pp. viii+181. $1.00.

A series of papers, many of them reprints, treating briefly but sanely and suggestively the following topics: "The Country Home," "The Country School," "The Country Church," "Mental Hygiene," "The Social Value of Rural Experience," "Rural vs. Urban Environment," "The Mind of the Farmer," "Psychic Causes of Rural Migration," "Rural Socializing Agencies," and "The World-War and Rural Life.”

The book "attempts to approach rural social life from the psychological angle," but the psychology is of the applied variety with no attempt at abstract analyses or discussions. There is little new in the book, but it is wholesome, suggestive, stimulating, and especially well adapted for sociological laymen and for students in rural sociology as supplementary reading. The most original parts seem to be the discussions of "The Social Value of Rural Experience," "Rural vs. Urban Environment," and "Psychic Causes of Rural Migrations." Professor Groves holds that city life stands for the power of money, for the power of man over man, and for a sharp demarcation between capital and labor; whereas, rural life stands for the power of man over nature, for the development of imagination sobered by experience of hand-to-hand conflict

with nature, and for a combined labor-capital interpretation of life. "Healthy national ideals," the author concludes, "require a contribution from both urban and rural experience. The first we have in quantity. It is the second we lack. It is the business of those who conserve social welfare to respect the conclusions of rural thinkers and to discover how rural experience may make its largest contribution to national policy and social opinion."

WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY

L. M. BRISTOL

Child Welfare in Oklahoma. An inquiry by the National Child Labor Committee for the University of Oklahoma, under the direction of EDWARD N. CLOPPER. New York: National Child Labor Committee, 1917. Pp. 285.

This investigation represents one of the most ambitious attempts to make a state survey of the problems of child welfare. The information is based on studies of representative counties and cities, a sufficient number having been included to justify the conclusion that the conditions portrayed are general throughout the state. The problems of child welfare are divided into eleven parts covering such subjects as health, recreation, education, child labor, delinquency, dependency, child protection, and administration of laws. A corps of seven investigators spent the larger part of a year in gathering and compiling the information.

Many important facts are presented: frequently conditions are described as most unsatisfactory, and laws are found to be inadequate, and public opinion dormant. For example, the survey of public health work shows that birth registration is inadequate, contagious disease is not effectively controlled, the majority of schools have no provision for medical inspection of children, the state health department does not meet the needs of the state, the educational work of the schools is unsatisfactory, milk inspection is lagging, and free hospital service is practically nonexistent. On the basis of these discoveries a series of recommendations is made designed to improve the enforcement of existing laws or to erect new administrative machinery for carrying out the needed reforms.

A similar situation holds for recreation and juvenile delinquency. The needs of dependent children have, however, received considerable attention, while the most serious aspects of child labor are those relating to the street trades and to agricultural work. A very important part of the report consists of a summary of the laws dealing with parentage,