social problems will be psychological. A scientific as well as a technical basis of training for social work will be provided by instruction in psychology, psychiatry, medicine, biology, and sociology. The discussion method of teaching will be stressed in an effort to train for fearless and resourceful thinking about social problems. According to their interests, the students will be grouped in college dormitories during the summer session. The summer session begins July 7 and extends to August 30.

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN

Professor J. L. Gillin, who for a year and a half has been on leave of absence in charge of the Civilian Relief of the Central Division of the American Red Cross, will resume his work in the University in September. Dr. Selig Perlman has been appointed instructor in sociology.

Patriotism and Religion.

REVIEWS

By SHAILER MATHEWs. New York:

Macmillan Co., 1918. Pp. 161. $1.25.

This compact little volume does not disappoint those who are familiar with Dr. Mathews' crisp, sententious style and his swift stabs at the objects of his criticism. Written under the stress of war, there is an undercurrent of moral passion which must have made the original lectures, at the University of North Carolina, very effective.

After showing the intimate relation of the sentiments of patriotism and religion, he develops their mutual influence and interactions, historically rather than philosophically. "Religion," he says, "has always 'been a super-patriotism. Theology has been a super-politics." In his discussion of the moral values of patriotism he contrasts vividly the German and Entente types, closing with a fine challenge of the German slander that the Americans are a dollar-mad people.

In his chapter on "Religion and War" he coolly dissects the various types of pacifism, and after a skilful use of the story of the Good Samaritan who arrived early in the midst of the Schrecklichkeit he concludes: "Pacifism under such circumstances is anti-social, a misguided idealism, if not transcendentalized selfishness." He boldly says: "For an American to refuse to share in the present war is not Christian." There is a keen handling of the question of what is involved in the Christian love for enemies, in considering "the service of religion to patriotism," and a strong argument for a League of Nations.

OBERLIN GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY

G. WALTER FISKE

Economic Problems of Peace after War. Second Series. The W. Stanley Jevons Lectures at University College, London, in 1918. By W. R. SCOTT. Cambridge: University Press, 1918. Pp. xii+136. $2.00.

This is a suggestive and discriminating series of lectures. The first two, "Mare Liberum-Aer Clausus ?" and "A League of Nations and Commercial Policy," are of particular interest just now in connection with the vigorous debate on the subject of a League of Nations. The

other four lectures, "The Financial Burden of Today and Tomorrow," Conscription or Proscription of Capital," "The Period of Financial Transition," and "Ten Years After," deal with problems of finance. The studies are scholarly and convincing. Historical parallels and antecedents are cited frequently. Little new material is presented, in the way of either theory or fact.

The author looks for no decisive immediate results from a League of Nations. "It would be on its trial for many years," and, meantime, "each Power must continue to provide for its own defence." The final conclusion is that "the most that can be said for the scheme at present is that it is a favourable uncertainty, against which is to be set an unfavourable certainty."

In the matter of war finance the position is taken that neither the characteristically English system of taxation nor the characteristically German system of financing the war wholly by bonding is satisfactory, but a combination: taxing nearly to the limit of endurance, and borrowing for the balance, revenues from taxes to be sufficient to develop a sinking fund for the retirement of the bonds.

PACIFIC UNIVERSITY

ROBERT FRY CLARK

Matrilineal Kinship, and the Question of Its Priority (Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association, Vol. IV, No. I, January-March, 1917). By E. SIDNEY HARTLAND.

Mr. Hartland, who ranks among the contemporary founders of social anthropology, returns in this monograph to a subject already treated by Bachofen, McLennan, Sir John Lubbock, and Lewis H. Morgan. All these investigators made matrilineal kinship universally prior to patrilineal kinship in the development of social organization. Mr. Hartland agrees with them and argues that the evidence recently adduced for the priority of patrilineal descent among certain tribes of Australia and North America does not invalidate their conclusions. Where patrilineal reckoning now exists, Mr. Hartland either finds clear traces of a previous system of matrilineal reckoning or proves to his own satisfaction that the patrilineal folk for various reasons are not in a truly primitive condition. He considers that the burden of proof rests on those "who deny that female descent has in any particular case preceded the reckoning of kinship exclusively through males" (p. 87).

American anthropologists profess to be much shocked by this attempt of one of their British brethren to revive a theory supposed to have

received its death blow. The curious may be interested in the discussion between Mr. Hartland and Professor A. L. Kroeber (American Anthropologist, October-December, 1917 and April-June, 1918).

HUTTON WEBSTER

UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA

American Charities. By Aмos G. WARNER, Ph.D. Revised by MARY ROBERTS COOLIDGE, Ph.D.; with a biographical preface by GEORGE ELLIOTT HOWARD, Ph.D. New York: Thomas W. Crowell Co. Pp. xxii+511.

The appearance of a new edition of Warner's American Charities is sure to be greeted by a chorus of approval. Since the first edition appeared twenty-five years ago, this book has remained the standard summary statement of problems and methods in this field. In no field of human knowledge, however, does detailed information so speedily become obsolete as in the field of the practical treatment of the dependent and defective classes. New discoveries in collateral branches of science, in psychology, biology, etc., make necessary repeated examinations even of so-called fundamentals; so that one feels that two revisions since 1894 are none too many. It was, however, a merit of this book from the first edition that it embodied such a sure grasp of the great principles underlying the case of these abnormal groups that much of it is as valuable today as a quarter-century ago.

Professor Coolidge has wisely utilized the book as a going concern. She has made modifications only where changes have occurred in social technique and in our information on certain important fields, notably those of heredity and of the nature of feeble-mindedness, blindness, and insanity. Furthermore, the attitude of a large part of the social workers of the United States has changed. While striving vigorously for improvement in technique, they have all become painfully aware of the fundamental maladjustment in our social system and are backing with energy the social, rather than the individual, attack on these age-old evils. This attitude the book reflects. It is not so philosophical in its outlook as Professor Parmelee's Poverty and Social Progress, but it is very much more useful, especially for students.

The particular modifications to be noted are those introduced in connection with the discussion of the causes of poverty and pauperism. While no exhaustive résumé is offered here of the work of the eugenists and the scientific students of genetics, the important facts are well

summarized. Two entirely new chapters are introduced, one on "Heredity and Degeneration," and another entitled "The Attack on Poverty." Both appear in Part I, "Historical and Theoretical."

The book contains, as before, chapters on the destitute sick, the insane, the feeble-minded. The reviewer has sometimes felt that to include these groups here was to focus attention on a secondary factor of their situation. They are dependent and hence the objects of "charity" only as a result of the primary fact of their mental and physical handicaps. The constant contact which the "charity worker" establishes with these classes is, however, a sufficient practical reason for their inclusion as objects of discussion. There is appended, as before, an excellent bibliography, which is arranged topically. An index adds to the usability of the volume.

WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY

C. E. GEHLKE