: calculated to produce abortion. Hippoc. de Morb. Mul. 1. 5, 6, &c.; Foes. Oeconom. &c. ABOʻRTIVE (Bot.) Abortiens, an epithet for a flower which does not come to maturity. Linn. Phil. Bot.-Abortive corn, corn which shows itself by a deformity in the stalk, leaves, ear, and even grain. ABORTUS (Surg.) or Aborsus, from ab and orior, to come before the time; miscarriage, the emission or ejection of an imperfect foetus, called by Hippocrates αποφθορὰ διαφθορά, Exos; Galen says that among the Attics it was called asha. Hippoc. de Morb. Mul. c. 5, 6; Gal. comm. 1, in lib. 6, Hippoc.; Gorr. Defin. Med.; Foes. Oeconom. Hippocrat.; Castell. Lex. Medic. ABOUCOUCHOU (Com.) a sort of woollen cloth manufactured in Languedoc, Provence, and Dauphiné. A'BOUKELB (Com.) or Abukelb,.a Dutch coin current in Egypt, something inferior in value to a Spanish piastre, 4s. 8d. It bears the impression of a lion which, however, the Arabians have changed to kelb, a dog; either to show their contempt for Christians, or on account of its base alloy. ABOUT (Mar.) the situation of a ship immediately after she has tacked.-About ship, an order to the crew to prepare for tacking. ABOUT (Mil.) a term for the movement by which a body of troops changes its front.-Right about, when the soldier turns by a semicircular movement to the right—Left about, when the soldier makes a semicircular movement to the left. ABOUT (Mech.) Fr. that part of a piece of wood which is between one of the ends of the piece and a mortise. ABOUTED (Hort.) a term formerly used for budded, in application to trees. It properly signifies a swelling that comes to a head or abscess, and is figuratively applied to buds which rise up in the form of small heads. ABP. An abbreviation for archbishop. A'BRA (Com.) a Polish coin worth about three half-pence. A'BRABAX (Magic) Abraxas, or Abrasax, a magical word comprehending the days of the year in numeral letters. Vide Abrasax. A'BRACADABRA (Magic) a cabalistical word used as a charm against fevers, and formed of dropping every time the last letter when written in a kind of cone, as ABRA'CALAM (Magic) a cabalistical word serving as a charm among the Jews. This, as well as the former Abrabar, and the following Abrasax [Vide Abrasax,] express the name of a Syrian idol. Selden de Diis Syriis. ABRAHAMITES (Ecc.) 1. An order of monks exterminated for idolatry by Theophilus. 2. A sect of heretics called after their leader Abraham, who adopted the errors of Paulus. ABRA'SA (Med.) ulcers attended with, or liable to, abrasion. Castell. Lex. Med. ABRASA'X (My.) the name given by the heretic Basilides to God and Jesus Christ, whom they worshipped under A B P A C A E. 1 This word was employed as a talisman, and the image was worshipped as a magical deity, who was to dispel evils. S. Iren. adv. Hæres. 1. 1, c. 2; Tertul. de Præc. c. 46; Euseb. Eccl. Hist. 1. 4, c. 7; Hieron. adv. Lucif. in Amor. 1.2; S. Epiphan. Hæres. 24; S. August. de Hæres. et ad quod vult Deum; Baron. Annal. Ann. 120; Montfaucon. Antiq. expliq. vol. i. p. 369, et seq. ABRA'SIO, from ab and rado, to pare; the paring off of superficial ulcerations. Castell. Lex. Med. ABRAXAS (Magic) vide Abrasax. ABREAST (Mar.) side by side, or opposite to; the situation of two or more ships when standing together, particularly as regards the line of battle at sea.- -Abreast line, the line abreast is formed by the ships being equally distant from and parallel to each other, so that the length of each ship forms a right angle with the extent of the squadron or line abreast.-Abreast of a place, directly opposite to it, as "a fleet abreast of Beechy-Head," i. e. off, or directly opposite to it.-Abreast within the ship, implies on a parallel line with the beam. ABREAST (Mil.) a term formerly used for any number of men in front. They are, at present, determined by files. ABRETTE (Bot.) vide Abelmochus. ABREUVOIR (Mil.) a French word for a watering place, or any place dug for retaining water, as in the case of encampment. ABREUVOIRS (Archit.) 1. The interstices between two stones to be filled up with mortar or cement. 2. Small trenches which are made in stone quarries to carry off the water. A'BRI (Mil.) French for shelter, cover; as être à l'abri, to be under the cover of a wood, &c. TO ABRIDGE (Law) Abbreviare, from the Fr. abréger; to make a count or declaration shorter. TO ab C ab = C ABRIDGE (Algeb.) to reduce a compound equation or quantity to a more simple form of expression, as x2 + (a + b) x =o, by putting p=a+b and g becomes x2 + px−g=0. ABROHA'NI (Com.) or mallemolle, a certain muslin, or clear white cotton cloth from the East Indies. ABRO'MA (Bol.) from a priv. and Spa, food, i. e. not fit for food; a genus of plants; class 18 Polyadelphia, order 2 Dodecandria. ABRO'MIOS (Ant.) 'Aßpáros, a sort of drinking cup mentioned by Pollux. Pol. Onomast. 1. 6, c. 16. ABROTANOIDES (Nat.) a kind of coral in the form of the abrotanum. Raii Hist. Plant. ABROTANOIDES (Bot.) the Artemisia Ethiopica, the Protea serraria, and the Seriphium cinereum, plumosum, and fuscosum of Linnæus. Bauh. Pin.; Raii Hist. ABROTANUM (Bot.) ßpóτovor, southernwood; a plant so called, die To ßpor Qaivas, on account of its delicate appearance. Nicander describes it as a wild plant of the woods. Nicand. Theriac. Ναὶ μὴν ἀβροτόνοιο τοτ ̓ ἄγριον ὄρεσι θάλλει Αεννὴν ἀπὸ βησσαν. Abrotanum is the Artemisia abrotonum; the Santolina chamacyparissus, villosa, and rosmarifolia; and the Tanacetum of Linnæus. Theophrast. Hist. Plant. 1. 6, c. 8; Diosc. 1.3, c. 29; Plin. 1. 19, c. 6; Gal. de Simpl. 1. 6; J. Bauh. Hist. Plant.; Ger. Herb.; Park. Theat. Bot.; Raii Hist. Plant.; Boerhaav. Ind. &c.; Tournef. Instit. ABROTONITES (Med.) BpotoviTns, wine impregnated with abrotanum. Diosc. 1. 5, c. 62. ABROTO'NUM (Bot.) vide Abrotanum. ABRUPTE Pinnatum (Bot.) abruptly pinnated, an epithet for a leaf which has neither leaflet (foliolum), tendril, nor clasper (cirrus) at the end. Linn. Philosoph. Bot. ABRUPTIO (Med.) vide Abductio. ABRUPTUS (Ich.) abrupt, an epithet for the lateral line in fishes, when divided into two or more parts not contiguous. A'BRUS (Bot.) aßpès, mollis, delicatus, from the softness of its leaves; a kind of kidney bean growing in Egypt, "Phaseolus ruber abrus vocatus." Now called Jamaica wild Liquorice, from its resembling the liquorice in taste. Prosper. Alpin. Egypt. ABRUS in the Linnæan System, a genus of plants, Class 17 Diadelphia, Order 4 Decandria. The Generic Character. CAL. perianth one leafed. COR. papilionaceus: wings oblong; keel oblong. STAM. filaments 9; anthers oblong, erect. PIST. germ cylindrical; style subulate; stigma in form of a head. PER. legume like a rhomb; seeds solitary. Species. The only species is the Abrus precatorius, glycine; Abbrus konni, phaseolus seu orobus Americanus, Jamaica wild Liquorice; a tree, native of the Indies. Prosper. Alpin. Egypt.; Raii Hist. Plant.; Breyn. Prodrom.; Parkins. Theat. Botanic.; Herman. Catalog.; Plucken. Phytograph. &c. ABSCEDENTIA (Med.) from ab and cedo, to go; the diseased or decayed part which abscedes from the body. Cels. 1. 5, c. 18. ABSCESSUS (Med.) nosna, abscess, an inflammatory tumor. Hippoc. 1. 4, Aphor. 31; Ruff. Ephes. de Ves. Affect. c. 9; Cels. de Re Med. 1. 2, c. 9; Paul. Egin. 1. 4, c. 18; Oribas. de Curat. Morb. 1. 3, c. 43, et 9 Act. Terah. 4, Serm. 2, c. 32, &c.; Act. de Meth. Med. 1. 1, c. 17. A'BSCISS (Math.) Abscissa, or Abscissæ, from ab and scindo, to cut off, το ἀποκομμένον; the segment of any diameter or axis of a curve, as A C, or C B, cut off by another line Fig. 1. Fig. 3. Fig. 2. D B C called the ordinate, as D C. The abscisses are understood to commence at the vertex of the curve, as A or B, fig. 1, 2, unless expressed otherwise, as in fig. 2, where a C, AC, Cb, and C B, are all abscisses. Each ordinate, in a common parabola, has but one absciss, as AC, fig. 1; in the circle and ellipse, two lying on opposite sides, as AC, CB, fig. 2; and, in the hyperbola, also two lying on the same side, as CA, CB, fig. 3. When an absciss and its corresponding ordinate are considered together they are called coordinates of the curve, by means of which the equation of a curve is defined. [Vide Curve.] Apollon. Conic. 1. 1, pr. 20, &c.; Wallis. Mathemat.; Wolf. Mathemat. Curs. ABSCI'SSIO (Med.) abscission, or cutting off, from ab and scindo, to cut; 1. cutting away an unsound or luxuriant part. 2. The sudden termination of a disease in death. ABSCISSIO (Rhet.) a figure of speech of cutting short in the discourse after we have begun to speak of any thing. Cic. ad Heren. 1. 4, c. 54. ABSCI'SSION (Astrol.) the cutting off the light of the first of three planets when the third comes in conjunction with the middle one. ABSCO'NSIO (Med.) from abscondo, to hide; a sinus or cavity of a bone which receives and conceals the head of another bone. A'BSENT (Mil.) a term employed in regimental returns to account for the deficiency of any in a regiment or company-Absent with leave, officers with permission, or noncommissioned officers on furlough excused parade or field duty.-Absent without leave, a milder term often used for desertion. ABSINTHII (Bot.) a species of Chrysomela. ABSINTHITES (Med.) xins, wine impregnated with absinthium or wormwood. Dioscor. 1. 5, c. 49. ABSINTHIUM (Bot.) vor, from a priv. and Vos, or , delectatio, i. e. unpleasant; a plant, so called on account of its bitterness. Theophrast. Hist. Plant. 1. 9, c. 18; Dioscor. l. 3, c. 26; Plin. 1. 27, c. 7; Gal. de Simpl. 1. 6. -Absinthium is the Artemisia; the Achillea Egyptiaca, et Clavena; the Parthenium hysterophorus; the Senecio abrotanifoliis; and the Tanacetum incanum et annuum of Linnæus. J. Bauh. Hist. Plant.; C. Bauh. Pin.; Ger. Herb.; Parkins. Theat. Botan.; Raii Hist. Plant.; Boerh. Ind.; Tournef. Instit.; Dale Pharmacop. A'BSIS (Math.) Abses, or Absides. vide Apsis. A'BSOLUTE, absolutum, i. e. ab alio solutum, dependant on no other thing, as ABSOLUTE (Theol.) free from conditions; so the decrees of God are said to be absolute in regard to man.Absolute, without any cause; thus God is said to be absolute. ABSOLUTE (Phy.) without relation to, or dependance on what is external; as- -Absolute time, which flows equally in itself without relation to any thing external, as dura tion.-Absolute space, which remains similar and immoveable without relation to any thing exterior.-Absolute motion, which is the transfer of any body from one absolute place to another. Newt. Princ. Math. def. viii.— Absolute gravity, the whole force with which a body is impelled towards the centre, in distinction from specific gravity. ABSOLUTE (Gram.) without regimen or government, as an ablative or genitive absolute when the case depends on no other words, as in the Latin Augusto imperatore, Augustus being emperor; in the Greek the genitive is em ployed in place of the ablative.-Absolute noun, a noun that needs no other word to be joined to it, as God, reason, horse, &c. Prisc. 1. 2.-Absolute degree, in the comparison of adjectives, the same as the positive. ABSOLUTE (Law) without condition or encumbrance, as an “absolute bond," simplex obligatio, in distinction from a conditional bond. An "absolute estate,' one that is free from all manner of condition or encumbrance. ABSOLUTE number (Algeb.) the Homogeneum Comparationis of Vieta is the term in an equation which is com pletely known, as in x2+ax=b, b is the absolute or known quantity. Viet. Art. Analyt. c. 8. ABSOLUTE equation (Astron.) the sum of the optic and eccentric equation. [vide Equation] ABSOLUTE (Ecc.) among the Romanists, in opposition to declaratory. They hold that a priest can forgive sins absolutely; but the protestants say, that the forgiveness is only declaratory. ABSOLUTELY (Log.) applied to the terms of a proposition, signifies without relation to any thing else. ABSOLUTELY (Geom.) entirely or completely, as a circle is said to be absolutely round, in contradistinction to a figure that is partly so, as an oval, &c. ABSOLUTIO (Rhet.) that perfect division of any cause which embraces all the parts. Cic. Invent. 1. 1, c. 22. ABSOLUTION (Ecc.) 1. A judical act in the Romish church whereby a priest, as a judge, by virtue of a power supposed to be delegated to him from Christ, takes upon him to remit the sins of penitents. Order. Vital. 1. 5. 2. An act, in the reformed as well as in the Romish church, by which a man who stands excommunicated is freed or released from the excommunication.-Absolutio ad cautelam, that which is given to an excommunicated person when he wishes to make his appeal against the sentence, and also that which the pope gives to those to whom he grants benefices. ABSOLUTION (Law) a definitive sentence whereby a man accused of any crime is acquitted. ABSOLUTORIUM (Med.) an absolute or perfect remedy; also a perfect cure. ABSOLUTO'RIUS (Ant.) from absolvo, to acquit; absolvatory, as tabula absolutoria, a bill of discharge. ABSONIA'RE (Archæol.) to shun, detest; a term used in the oath of allegiance taken by the Anglo-Saxons. TO ABSORB (Hort.) a term applied to all greedy branches that, growing on fruit trees, drink up and rob the other branches of the nutritious juice which is requisite to promote their growth. ABSORBENTIA Medicamenta (Med.) medicines which have the power of drying up redundant humours. ABSORBENTS (Chem.) an epithet for alkaline, or such earthy bases as have the property of absorbing or neutralizing acids; a term used more by the ancients than the moderns. ABSORBENT vessels (Ana.) absorbentia vasa, from absorbeo, to absorb or dry up; vessels which carry any fluid into the blood, as the lacteals, which absorb the chyle; the lymphatics, &c. ABSQUE hoc (Law) i. e. without this; words of exception made use of in a traverse. ABSTEMII (Ecc.) a name given to persons who could not partake of the sacrament from their natural aversion to wine. ABSTENSIO (Law) withholding the heir from taking possession. ABSTENTIO (Med.) the retention or suppression of the excrements. ABSTERGENTS (Med.) abstergentia medicamenta, from abstergo, to rinse away; medicines capable of cleansing by the power of dissolving concretions. ABSTERSIVE Medicines (Med.) vide Abstergents. ABSTINENCE (Ecc.) a ceremony in the Romish church of abstaining from food in a partial manner, by which it is distinguished from fasting, which is almost entire abstinence: hence the terms "Days of abstinence," and "Fastdays." ABSTINENCE (Hierog.) the moral virtue of abstaining from indulgence is represented in painting, by a woman of a healthy constitution holding one hand to her mouth; and in the other a scroll, with the words Utor, non abutor; I use, but do not abuse. ABSTINENCE from evil is represented by a woman crowned with laurels, leaning on a pedestal, and looking attentively on a decalogue which lies before her. Under her feet lie serpents, tortoises, and broken arrows; and by her side stands a camel. ABSTINENCE (Med.) from abstineo, to abstain. 1. Abstinence from all food, or particular kinds of food. 2. Suppression or compression, as abstinentia sudoris, suppression of the sweat; spiritus ob abstinentiam clausus, wind shut up by compressure. Cal. Aur. de Acut. Morb. 1. 2, c. 32. A'BSTINENTS (Ecc.) heretics professing abstinence from marriage, and particular foods, &c. They appeared in France and Spain about the end of the third century. Philastr. de Hæres. c. 26; Baron Annal. Ann. 228; Prateol. de Hares. A'BSTRACT (Law) an abridgement or epitome of any original writing. ABSTRACT (Log.) abstractus, an epithet applied to whatever is separated from any other thing by an operation of the mind, termed abstraction; thus any thing may be said to be considered in the abstract.-An abstract idea is a simple idea detached and separated from any particular subject or complex idea, as the idea of rationality abstracted or separated from that of corporeal agency.-Abstract quality, that quality which is considered as abstracted from the subjects in which it inheres, as whiteness, which is a quality considered abstractedly from a wall, a flower, a man, &c.-Abstract term, a term which expresses qualities without regard to the subject, vox abstracta, as visibility, rationality, whiteness, &c. in distinction from the concrete. ABSTRACT Noun (Gram.) or noun substantive, denotes that which is real, but which subsists only in the understanding; it is distinguished from the noun adjective, and answers to the abstract term in logic, as whiteness, coldness, valor, &c. ABSTRACT (Math.) or pure, an epithet for that sort of mathematics which treats of the properties of magnitude, figure, and quantity, abstractedly and generally, without regard to any particular object, as arithmetic and geometry, in distinction from mixed mathematics, in which simple and abstract quantities are applied to particular sensible objects, as astronomy, mechanics, optics, &c.-Abstract numbers are such as are considered abstractedly, or without regard to any object which they may represent, as 5, 6, 7, &c. in distinction from concrete numbers, where the thing is specified with the number, as 5 feet, 6 inches, 7 yards, &c. ABSTRACTIO (Phy.) from abstraho, to draw asunder; ἀφαιρέσις, τὸ χωρίζειν ; a separation of one thing from another, to which it is usually joined. It is of different kinds; namely, Abstractio realis, qui fit vts, re ipsa, the actual separation of one thing from another, as gold from the earth.-Abstractio mentalis, vonin, mental abstraction, or the separation of universals from particulars, as the consideration of whiteness in distinction from the wall, the milk, snow, &c. in which it exists; this is taking things in the abstract, and is either-Abstractio logica, the abstraction of accidents from their subject, as animal from man or brute.-Abstractio mathematica, the abstraction of the form of bodies from the matter secundum rationem; or,Abstractio metaphysica, the abstraction of the form of bodies from the matter secundum rem, i. e. Abstractio realis, real abstraction. Aristot. Physic. 1. 2, c. 2; Alex. de Alex. in Met. Aristot. 1. 3; Albertus Mag. Phy. 1. 1, tr. 1, c. 2; Fonsec. in Met. Aristot. 1. 5, c. 28, quæst. 6; Scal. Exercit. 307, 342. ABSTRACTION (Chem.) The process of drawing off by distillation any part of a compound, and returning it again to the residue to be redistilled any number of times; thus arsenic acid may be procured by abstracting arsenic with nitrous acid. D ABSTRACTITIUS (Chem.) vel Abstractivus, from abstraho, to draw away; abstractitious, an epithet for the native spirits of aromatic vegetables, in distinction from those produced by fermentation. ABSURDUM (Log.) vide Reductio ad Absurdum. Prosp. ABSY'NTHIUM (Bot.) the same as Absinthium. ABUNDANCE (Med.) abundantia, a term employed for an excess of humours. ABUNDANT (Math.) an epithet for a number, whose aliquot parts, when added together, make a sum greater than the number itself, as 12; the aliquot parts of which 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, are 16; it is opposed to a deficient number. ABUNDANT Year (Chron.) a Jewish year when it has a day more than ordinary, in distinction from the defective year. Scal. Emendat. Temp. 1. 2. ABUNDANTIA (Numis.) Abundantia was the name of the goddess of plenty on medals, who is called Copia by the poets. In the annexed cut, she is represented seated on a chair, like the Roman chairs in general, only that the two sides are wrought into the shape of two Cornucopias, to denote the character of this goddess. The figure of Abundantia is given on medals of Trajan, Caracalla, Eliogabalus, Alexander Severus, Gordian, Pius, Trajan Decius, Gallienus, Tetricus, Probus, Numerianus, Carinus, Carus, Dioclesian, and Valerius Maximianus; sometimes with the simple inscription ABUNDANTIA, but mostly with the addition of AUGusti AUGG. Augustorum AUGG. NN. Augustorum Nostrorum; sometimes ABUNDANTIA PERPETUA. ABUNDANTIA Temporum, an inscription on a medal of Salonina, the wife of Gallienus the emperor, which bears on the obverse, as on the subjoined cut, her head with a stola or robe over the breast, and the inscription CORNELIA. SALONINA. AUG.; on the reverse, a figure of Salonina, sitting with three boys standing before her, while she pours out coins from the cornucopia which she had in her lap; near her is a female figure standing; and on the right hand, behind the chair, a military figure. Vaillant. Numism. Imperator. Roman.; Patin. Numis. Imperat. Roman.; Morell. Thesaur. Imp. Roman.; Occo. Numis. Roman. Imperat.; Bandur. Num. Imper. Roman. ABUNDANTIA (Med.) abundance, or excess of humours. ABU'SE (Med.) abusus, from abutor, to abuse, an ill use of a thing, applied to nonnaturals in medicines. ABU'SIO (Rhet.) xarάxpos, a figure of speech by which words are used with some deviation from their proper meaning; thus "worship," which is strictly applied to God only, may also, by abusio or misuse, be applied to magistrates, &c.; as in the Scripture, "They worshipped God and the king." ABU'TILON (Bot.) a plant formerly called in English the Yellow Mallow, from its great resemblance to the mallow, both in leaf and flower. Its different species are now known by the names of the Hibiscus ciliaceus, the Melochia pyramidata et tomentosa, the Malva caroliniana, the Napa scabra, and the Sida spicata, in the Linnæan system. J. Bauh. Hist. Plant.; Casp. Bauhin. Pin.; Ger. Herb.; Parkin. Theat. Botan.; Raii Hist. Plant.; Pluk. Almag. Botan. ABUTMENTS (Arch.) or Butments, the extremities of a bridge, by which it is made to rest upon the banks or sides of rivers, &c. ABUTMENTS (Carpent.) the junctions or meetings of two pieces of timber. The ABUTTALS (Law) from the Fr. abouter, to but against, or terminate; the buttings or boundings of land. sides of the lands are properly said to be adjoining, and the ends abutting to the thing that is contiguous. ABY'SS (Bibl.) abyssus, from a, priv. and Burcos, Ionice, pro Bulos, a depth, i. e. without a bottom; a depth, an epithet for, 1. Hell. Luke viii, 31, &c. 2. The common receptacle for the dead, the grave, or depth of the earth. Rom. x. 7. 3. The deepest parts of the sea. Psalm xxiv. 29. ABY'SSUS (Med.) the deep, abyss, a proper receptacle for the seminal matter. Castell. Lex. Med. ACA'CALIS (Bot.) únunazis, a shrub bearing a papilionaceous flower, and siliqeous fruit like a tamerisk. Diosc. 1. 1, c. 118. ACACIA (Bot.) axaxia, from anál, to sharpen; a thorny tree of Egypt, called, by Theophrastus, Axuren AIUTTIRI, by Pliny acacia, or the spina Egyptiaca, was supposed by some to be the tree which yielded the Gummi Arabicum, or Gum Arabic. Theophrast. Hist. Plant. 1. 9, c. 1; Dioscor. 1. 1, c. 130; Plin. 1. 24, c. 12. ACACIA, in the Linnean system, is the Mimosa nilotica; but the Common Acacia, otherwise called Pseudo-acacia, or False Acacia, is the Robinia pseudo-acacia; and the Rose Acacia, a shrub so called from its rose-coloured flowers, is the Robinia hispida of Linnæus. Prosper. Alpin. de Plant. Egypt.; J. Bauh. Hist. Plant.; C. Bauh. Enumerat.; Ger. Herb.; Parkin. Theat. Botax.; Raii Hist. Plant.; Tournef. Instit.; Boerhaav. Ind. Plant. ACA'CIANS (Ecc.) heretics so called after one Acacius, bishop of Cæsarea, who denied the son to be of the same substance as the father. Baron. Annal. Ann. 359. ACADEMIA (Ant.) Cic. 'Axadni, a Gymnasium at Athens, in a grove of the suburbs, where Plato taught. It derived its name from Academus. Hor. Ep. 22, v. 45. Atque inter silvas Academi quærere verum. This school of Plato, in which it was forbidden to laugh, was called Academia velus, in distinction from the Academia nova, or secunda, founded by Arcesilaus, who departed from the doctrines of Plato; and Academia tertia, which was founded by Carnaedes, or, according to Diogenes Laertius, by Lacydes. Eusebius also makes mention of a fourth Academia founded by Antiochus. Cic. Quæst. Academ. 1. 1. c. 4-12; Diog. Laert. Procem. Segm. 18, 19, &c.; El. Var. Hist. 1. 3, c. 35; Euseb. Evang. Præparat. 1. 14. ACADEMICS (Ant.) academici, a name for the followers of Plato; a sect of philosophers, so called from the 'A xadypiz, where he taught. ACADEMY (Lit.) from academia, a society of learned men instituted and protected by public authority: the first of which, among the moderns, was that founded by Charlemagne at the instance of Alcuin, an English monk; this has been followed by several others, of which the principal are the-Academia Secretorum Naturæ, established at Naples in 1560, by Baptista Porta.- Academia Lyncei, founded at Rome, among whose early members was Galileo.-Academia del Limento, founded at Florence in 1657, by Prince Leopold of Tuscany.-Academia Degl' Inquieti, founded at Bologna about the same time.Academie Royale, founded at Paris in 1666.-Academie Imperiale, at Petersburg, founded by Peter the Great in 1725.-Academie Royale des Sciences, &c. founded, at Berlin, by Frederic I. in 1700, of which Leibnitz was the first president.-Academie Royale, at Stockholm, in 1739. ACADEMY, a collegiate school for the training of youth in the sciences, of which there are three royal foundations in England, two for the military at Woolwich and Midhurst; and one at Portsmouth for the navy. ACENA (Bot.) a genus of plants, Class 4 Tetrandria, Order 1 Monogynia. Generic Characters. CAL. perianth four-leaved; leaflets ovate.-COR. none, unless the calyx be termed as such. -STAM. filaments equal; anthers quadrangular.-PIST. germ inferior; style very small; stigma, a small membrane.-PER. one-celled berry; seeds single. Species.-The Acana is a Mexican plant, having only one species, namely, the Acana elongata. Linn. Spec. Plant. ACA'HI (Chem.) alum-water. ACAJA (Bot.) Prunus Brasiliensis fructu racemosa, a tree of Brazil, growing to the size of a tall lime, on the extreme branches of which certain birds build their nests pendulous, that they may be out of the way of serpents. Marcgrav. Hist. Brasil.; Raii Hist. Plant. ACAJAIBA (Bot.) Acajou, or Acajuba; the Anacardium occidentale of Linnæus, and in English the Cashew-tree; the fruit of which is called the Cashew-nut, from which is extracted an oil used by painters to give a black colour, and also a spirit is distilled equal in strength to arrack or Ger. Herb.; Pis. et Marcgrav. Hist. Bras.; Raii rum. Hist. Plant. ACAJOUA'NUM lignum (Bot.) a sort of wood of a red colour, which is never touched by worms. A'CALAI (Chem.) salt. ACALEPHE (Bot.) or Acalypha, the Axaλion of Theophrastus, and 'Ananuon of Dioscorides; a herb so called, zaple to pin x86 x, i. e. from its not being pleasant to the touch. Theophrast. Hist. Plant. 1. 7, c. 7; Aristoph. Equit. v. 420; Diosc. 1. 4, c. 94; Athen. 1. 3, c. 12. ACALYPHA, in the Linnaan system, the Rhinocarpus of Boerhaave or Tickfruit; a genus of plants, Class 21 Monoecia, Order 8 Monodelphia. Generic Characters of the Male Flowers. CAL. perianth three or four-leaved; leaflets roundish.-COR. none.STAM. filaments eight to sixteen; anthers roundish. Generic Characters of the Female Flowers. CAL. perianth three-leaved; leaflets subovate.-COR. none.- -PIST. germ roundish; styles three; stigmas simple.-PER. capsule roundish; seeds solitary. Species.-Plants of this tribe are either annuals or shrubs, but mostly the latter; and natives of the Indies or America. The principal species are the-Acalypha Virginiana, or Mercurialis tricoccos.-Acalypha Zeylanica, or Cupameni; Indian Acalypha.-Acalypha Australis, or Ricinoides; South American Acalypha.-Acalypha betulina, or Cauda.-Acalypha mappa, Ricinus mappa, or Folium mappa; a shrub, native of the Malaccas.-Acalypha lanceolata, or Ricinocarpus Indica, &c. Raii Hist. Plant.; Herm. Catal.; Sloan. Hist. Jamaic.; Linn. Spec. Plant. ACAMATOS (Med.) from a, priv. and xáva, to labour; a position of the limbs longest to be borne without weariness. ACA'MPTE (Opt.) an epithet applied by Leibnitz to a figure which is opaque and polished, and consequently possesses properties necessary for reflecting light, yet does not reflect it. Leib. Epist. tom. iii. p. 263. ACANGA (Bot.) a species of the Bromelia of Linnæus. ACA'NOR (Chem.) a sort of chemical furnace. ACA'NOS (Bot.) 'Axávos, a herb, the Onopordium Acanthium of Linnæus. Theoph. Hist. Plant. 1. 1, c. 16; Diosc. 1. 6, c. 3. ACANTHA (Bot.) vide Acanthus. ACANTHA (Anat.) the acute processes of the vertebræ, the spine of the tibia, or the Spina Dorsi. Gorr. Defin. Med. næus. ACANTHE (Bot.) another name for the Cinara of LinACANTHIA (Ent.) a division of the genus Cimex. ACANTHICE (Bot.) axavtin masin, the liquid which the head of the Helxines () contains, used by females for mastick. Theoph. 1. 6, c. 4. ACANTHINUM (Chem.) gum. ACANTHIS (Or.) &naveis, axartópayos, an eater of thorns: a bird of mean colour, but agreeable voice, of which Virg. Georg. 3, v. 338, says Litoraque halcyonem rosonant, et Acanthida dumi. It is supposed to be what we call the linnet. Aristot. Hist. Anim. I. 8, c. 3; Aldrov. Arnithol. in voc. Carduclis. ACANTHIUM (Bot.) the Onopordium acanthium, Illyri cum et Arabicum of Linnæus. Raii Hist. Plant. ACANTHEIDES (Zo.) the same as echinos. ACANTHEIDES (Bot.) prickliest Thistle, a species of the Carduus of Linnæus. ACANTHUS (Arch.) an ornament in the capital of a Corinthian pillar, invented, according to Vitruvius, by Callimachus, who took the idea from observing an Acanthus grow over a tile that had been placed on a tomb. Vitruv. 1. 4, c. 2; Bald. Lex. Vitruv. ACANTHUS (Bot.) the xuvos of Theophrastus, and Acanthus of Virgil, called by Herodotus xava, by Strabo xave, by Dioscorides xaxia, and by Pliny Spina Egyptiaca ; is a shrub answering to the Acacia of Bauhine, and the Mimosa nilotica of Linnæus. Its fruit in the pod (aßos) is termed, by Virgil, a berry. Georg. 2, v. 119. Et quid odorato referam sudantia ligno ACANTHUS, the herb, called by Dioscorides xave, is distinguished by the epithet mollis, smooth, because it is provided with spines so soft that it might be used for garlands. Theoc. Idyl. 1. 1, v. 55. Balsamaque et baccas semper frondentis Acanthi? Παντὰ δ ̓ ἀμφὶ δέπας περιπέπταται ὑγρὸς ἄκανθος. Virg. Eclog. 3, v. 45. Et molli circùm est ansas amplexus acantha. This, as well as the former, is called Acanthus, because it is thorny, which was also a general name for many thorny plants. It is called Branca ursina by Bauhine, Brank ursine by Dale, and Bears-breech, vulgarly. Herod. 1. 2, c. 96; Theophrast. Hist. Plant. 1. 4; Steph. Byz. de Urb.; Dioscor. 1. 3; Plin. 1. 22; Ovid. Metam. 1. 13; Vitruv. 1. 4; Athen. Deipnos. 1. 15; Gal. de Simpl. 1. 6: Aet. 1. 1; Marcell. Empiric. 1. 6; Salmas. Exercitat. Plin. ; &c. ACANTHUS, in the Linnean system, a genus of plants, Class 14 Didynamia, Order 2 Angiospermia. Generic Characters. CAL. perianth unequal, permanent. COR. One-petalled, unequal; tube very short; upper-lip none; under-lip very large.-STAM. filaments four; anthers oblong.-PIST. germ conical; style filiform; stigmas two.-PER. capsule subovate, with a point; claws alternate; seeds ovate. Species. The species are mostly shrubs, as the Acanthus mollis sativus, seu Mollis Virgilii Carduus, seu Branca Ursi vel Ursina, Brank ursine, a native of Italy, where it is |