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swarm of filthy, long-haired, greasy-coated Jews in the market-place—such is the appearance of the town of Radziwillow. In the Ring-platz the Russians made a stand-indeed, it is uncertain whether they had not feigned a retreat in order to draw the Poles on, for a tremendous fire was opened on them from all sides, causing fearful havoc among the insurgent ranks. The battle seems to have lasted several hours, now the Poles and now the Russians getting the best of it, but at the end the Poles were driven back, and at 7 A.M. the Russians remained masters of the town. My information is principally derived from a Jew, who witnessed the whole affair from a window of a house in the marketplace. As he refused the money I offered him for his information, I am inclined to think the fellow may be believed; but among a hundred contradictory accounts it is difficult to arrive at the truth. Proceeding to the spot was quite out of the question, for the Russians would not even allow the return of Russian merchants from Galicia. My Jew informed me that the following morning he counted sixty-eight naked bodies of the Poles who had fallen in battle or been murdered afterwards, laid out in the churchyard; that eighty-five insurgents had been taken prisoners, and that during the whole of the day the peasants were bringing in fresh captives, at one time as many as sixteen together. Of the Poles who were killed, perhaps half fell in the battle, the rest were dragged out of private houses to which the wounded had been conveyed, and massacred in the streets. Among the killed were two Jews. One was shot by accident, the other deliberately. It seems that the Russian soldiers demanded of every person

If the

arrested in the streets, "Are you a Pole?" answer was in the affirmative, the victim was shot at once; if in the negative, the negative had to be proved on the spot. The Jews, when arrested, were required at once to produce the "cices," or badge with ten strings, emblematic of the ten commandments, which is universally worn next to the skin. By a strange accident, one poor fellow happened to have left his badge at home, and was shot on the spot. Two other Jews were wounded; and when the Russian general announced publicly that he could not answer for the safety of the inhabitants, several thousand Jews left the place. The road from Radziwillow (pronounced Radzivealoff) to Brody was literally blackened by the swarm of fugitives.

I am informed that Maszclowski, the maître de police, succeeded in saving the lives of some ten wounded Poles, who were conveyed to the hospitals. Before too much credit is given to the Russians for this act of clemency, it must be borne in mind that this man is a Pole, though not looked upon favourably by his countrymen. The authorities were reported to have allowed the Polish inhabitants to provide the prisoners with food and clothes, for the soldiers stripped the living on this occasion as well as the dead. Horodyski was among the number of the slain.

I have thus far followed the fortunes of the detachment under Horodyski. I now turn to the centre, under Wysocki.

CHAPTER XVI.

WYSOCKI'S ATTACK ON RADZIWILLOW.

ON Tuesday, June 30th, Wysocki lay in the woods near a small town called Berlin, some ten miles distant from Brody. In spite of the vast extent of forest by which Berlin is surrounded, the Austrian authorities found out his whereabouts, and about noon a squadron of hussars was despatched to the spot to command the insurgent general to deliver up his arms. It is difficult to learn the exact truth as to the effect produced in the camp by the arrival of the hussars. was that they were at once cavalry and made prisoners. a dozen of them deserted to passed the Volhynian frontier. subsequently from the best reports to have been untrue. The fact seems to be that the arrival of the hussars threw the half-formed camp into the utmost confusion, and placed the general in the most awkward dilemma; for it seemed he would be driven to take one of the two steps which he had the strictest orders to avoid. There appeared to be nothing for it but to lay down his arms, or to use them against Austrian soldiers, either of which courses was equally fatal. Placed in this difficult position, Wysocki gave orders to break up the camp and march, and it does not

The first account given me surrounded by the insurgent Then I was informed that the insurgent ranks and From what I have learnt sources, I find both these

exactly appear what line of conduct the hussars pursued. That they were not well disposed to the insurgents, as is generally the case with Hungarians, would appear to be proved by their seizing Wysocki's baggage wagons, in which the insurgents sustained an irreparable loss. Had the general marched straight to the frontier, he would have had one of two plans to adopt, either he must have crossed at once, and run the risk of being attacked by the enemy the same evening, which would probably have prevented him from keeping his appointment to be at Radziwillow by 3 A.M. next morning, or he must have encamped on the Galician side of the frontier, and so exposed himself to further annoyance on the part of the Austrian military authorities. To avoid this alternative, Wysocki adopted the course of marching in the form of an ellipse, always keeping on the Austrian side of the frontier. The arrival of the hussars at Berlin had caused the camp to be broken up at the moment the insurgents were preparing their mid-day meal, which they were compelled to leave untasted, and start on a fifteen hours' march, during which they got nothing to eat. Starting at about 2 P.M. they advanced through the oppressive afternoon heat, which continued after the sun went down, till the thunderstorm, alluded to above, cooled the air, but at the same time drenched the unfortunate insurgents to the skin. Wet through, starving, and foot-sore, the detachment marched through the night, with a view of crossing the frontier at break of day, at a point not more than an English mile distant from Radziwillow. Whether they missed the way in the darkness, or whether they were delayed by the impassable condition of the roads, it does not appear. All that is certain is that Wysocki,

instead of arriving before Radziwillow at 3 A.M. did not cross the frontier till 5 A.M., and then-which is utterly inexplicable-ordered a halt of two hours to refresh his men. Whether subsequent revelations cleared the general of the crime of failing even to attempt to keep his appointment, I know not, but at first sight he appeared deserving of most unmeasured censure. It is true that when his men reached the inn at Klekotow, where they passed the frontier at 5 A.M., they had eaten nothing for twenty-two hours, having performed a march of twenty-six miles without a halt, the last eight hours during a thunderstorm and heavy rain, which turned the whole country into a bog. It is also true that twothirds of his force consisted of apprentices-lads of sixteen and seventeen-who had never had a gun in their hands before, and probably never walked twenty miles in their lives, so that it may be it was physically impossible to continue the march. But, notwithstanding the truth of all this, there was the appointment before Radziwillow to keep, and the fate of Horodyski's detachment depending thereupon. While Wysocki's force of 850 men were regaling themselves with coffee, brandy, cigars, bread and butter, &c., Horodyski was engaged in a very unequal contest with the enemy in the streets and market-place of Radziwillow, not more than an English mile distant. It would seem extraordinary that Wysocki got no information of the fight which was taking place, rumours of which had already reached Brody, though Wysocki's force instead of Horodyski's was reported to have been engaged, and to be already in undisputed possession of Radziwillow. The atmosphere was very heavy, and a pine-forest intervened between Wysocki and the town of Radzi

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