From 5 to 54, Rising, Dressing. &c.

5 to 7 A. M., Study. From 7 to 8, Chapel, Breakfast, and Recreation.

8 to 94, School of Science and Literature. From 9 to 94, Recreation. 9 to 11,

66

46

11 to 12, School of Fencing, Riding, Gymnastics, Dancing, &c.

12 to 14, Dinner and Recreation.

14 to 24, P. M., School of Fencing, Riding, Gymnastics, Dancing, &c. 24 to 3, Recreation.

44 to 5, Military Exercises. From 5 to 5, Recreation.

5 to 74, Study. From 7 to 8, Chapel, Supper, Dormitory.

3 to 41, School of Science and Literature.

4 to 44, Recreation.

IIL ARTILLERY AND ENGINEER SCHOOL AT TURIN,

The Artillery and Engineer School (Scuola Complementaria,) which is established in a large building in one of the suburbs of Turin, is a School of Application, intended to complete the special education of the Young Officers of the Artillery and Engineers, which the Cadets of those Corps have previously entered upon during their four last years in the Accademia Militare. Its course of studies occupies nominally two years, but really only eighteen months, after which the final examinations begin, and the pupils receive leave of absence. The Students do not live in barracks here, but the Inspector of the School seemed to think it desirable that they should do so. The exercises of the day commence, at eight o'clock every morning, with an hour's riding. A lecture then follows, which lasts for an hour and a half, from nine till half-past ten. The rest of the morning is left free till twelve o'clock, when the pupils return to the school till three, and where they study together in large classes in the same room; they have afterwards some military exercises till five, and are then free for the evening.

The number of pupils at the school is twenty; from ten to fifteen for the Artillery, the rest for the Engineers. The subjects of study will show what difference exists in the studies of the two Corps, and we were told that very little preference was shown in the choice of the Students for one over the other. The Engineers do not appear to be at all employed in civil works; indeed, the Government does not allow them to be so, as there are sufficient fortifications in the kingdom of Sardinia to afford them constant employment. The pay of the two Corps is equal, and is very little above that of the Infantry, and the same as that of the Cavalry. The Artillery and Engineers (the Armi dotti) appear to be decidedly the favorite and aristocratic corps of the Sardinian army. They rarely enter the Staff Corps, and the reason assigned for this is their unwillingness to quit their own arm of the service. The position of the pupils on entering the Corps is fixed by the Final Examination alone, and is not influenced by marks previously given for industry and applica tion during the course, as is the case in some of the French and German schools-at the Polytechnic, for instance, and at Znaim. The only value of a high position in the Final Examination is that it gives seniority in the Corps.

The direction of the school is intrusted to a Field Officer of Artillery, assisted by two Captains, one from the Artillery, and the other from the Engineers. His authority extends to instruction and discipline.

The scientific instruction is given by professors (effective and sup plementary) and by Officers belonging to the various Artillery divisions and establishments, who, together, constitute a Council of Instruction, of which the Director is President.

The examinations to which the Officer Students are subjected are held by a Commission, nominated by the Secretary of War.

Regulations respecting the Professors, &c.

The Professors and Instructors are personally responsible for the teaching of the subjects contained in the programmes and regulation for the discipline of the students in School, for the daily drawing up of the notes and execution of the drawings, and for the constant presence of the students during the time of the instructions and lectures.

The Military Professors and Instructors will maintain constantly among the students the spirit of subordination and military discipline in all its force.

The Professors not possessed of military rank, when reproof is not sufficient to keep the students to their duty, will report the matter to the Director and to the Captains attached to the direction of the School, in order that more vigorous measures may be adopted.

At the beginning of every lecture, the Professors will satisfy themselves that the students have finished the notes preceding it, and the regulated tasks and drawings.

The Professors will also have the power of visiting with arrest students who

are negligent in the execution of the notes and tasks, and those who exhibit a constant indisposition to work, reporting it to the Director of the School.

When the lectures are upon difficult subjects, it is the duty of the Professors sometimes to visit the students during the hours of study, for the purpose of explaining difficulties.

At the beginning of every lecture, the Professors will dictate to the students a summary of the lesson which they are about to explain.

At the commencement of their course of lectures, they will point out to the students the books and treatises to be followed.

At fixed intervals, as they shall judge it most convenient, the Professors will suspend the course of their lectures to satisfy themselves by questions of the attention given and the progress made by the students.

At the opening of their course, the Professors will notify to the Director of the School the hours which suit their engagements best for the giving of the lectures; these hours will be subsequently maintained unchanged throughout the duration of their course. These hours can only be selected out of those

fixed in the general time table.

In case of any lectures having to take place out of the lecture-rooms of the School, they will give notice in time to the Director.

If they should consider any change in the programme necessary, they will give notice in writing to the Director of the School, so that he may be able to submit their propositions to the General Commandant.

The Instructors will exact of the students, in the execution of the practical instructions and in the explanation of them, a demeanor perfectly military, and a tone of voice appropriate to the circumstance. All the students, without exception, should render themselves capable of executing the practical tasks and explanations now mentioned with the greatest perfection.

The Professors, as well as Instructors, in concluding their course of lectures, will transmit to the Director of the School a statement showing the degree of instruction acquired by the students, and their conduct in School; the credit for the instruction and for conduct will be given by means of two distinct integral numbers, selected from two to ten.

Duration of the Course and Subjects.

The course of the Complementary School will be terminated in a year and a half.

The students belonging to two successive promotions will participate in the same instructions during the last six months of the first course, and the first six of the second course.

The subjects which will be taught to the Officer-students of the Complementary School are,

a. Mineralogy and metallurgy.

b. Introduction to applied mechanics, and application of mechanics to

machinery.

c. Theory of the combustion of powder; of the movement inside the bore; of the resistance of ordnance; of the volume, weight, and center of gravity of orduance; projectiles.

d. Use of artillery in war, construction of batteries, service in the field. e. Permanent fortification.

f. Course of construction and of military and civil architecture.

i. Military bridges and passage of water.

1. Classified nomenclature, and drawing of artillery materials.

m. Manufacture of powder, fire-works, arms, ordnance.

Practical Instructions.

For Engi neer-Officers only.

Practical instruction will be given every day to the students of the Complementary School.

The object of this instruction is to render the Officers themselves familiar

with the execution of the operations, and with the proper method of instructing Non-commissioned Officers and soldiers of Artillery.

These instructions, which will be, as far as possible, executed and explained by the Officers of the School, will consist of

Gymnastics.

Riding, according to the regulations in force.

The pack of the infantry soldier, armament, infantry instruction. Classified nomenclature of the various parts of horse furniture, convenient adaptation of them; pack of the cavalry soldier.

Principles of the physiology of the horse, and of veterinary science; care of horses.

Nomenclature and use of the field, mountain, siege, garrison, and coast

material.

Lading of field and siege carriages, and mountain mules.

Service of field, mountain, siege, garrison, and coast artillery.

Driving and sectional drill, battery and brigade drill.

Regulations for marches, encampments.

Charges and compositions in use in the field, in sieges, and in garrisons.
Judging distance drill, practice; remedies applied to materials in the field.

IV. THE STAFF SCHOOL.

The Staff School at Turin has only existed since the year 1850. Previously to that time the Staff was supplied by picked scholars from the Accademia Militare.

The whole Staff Corps of the Sardinian Army only consists of thirty-six Officers, viz., twenty-four Captains, and twelve of higher rank; no one of a lower rank than Captain being admitted even as attached to the corps, a regulation which appeared to be considered inconvenient.

Officers are required to have served four years before their admission, as is the case in the Austrian Staff Schools, and they must not have exceeded their twenty-eighth year. Again, as in Austria, the Officers on leaving the school are ranged strictly in the order of merit, as tested by a final examination; and the ablest obtain appointments to the Staff in the same order. The Sardinian School has, however, some peculiarities, partly arising from the higher position which the Special Arms (Armi dotti) of Artillery and Engineers hold in Sardinia than in Austria or Prussia. The method of admission is as follows:

An Officer requests his Colonel to recommend him for admission to the Staff School. Great caution seems to be observed in giving this recommendation; but having obtained it, an Officer has no further difficulty in entering the School. In consequence of the small numbers of the Staff Corps, the demand for entrance is not very great, and there is accordingly no competitive examination. The numbers in the School have, during the first five years of existence, varied greatly-from fourteen or sixteen to four or six. A year (or rather eleven months) is the time occupied by the studies;

the first six months being given to theory, the last five to practice. The time thus occupied lasts from ten till three in the afternoon.

The amount of knowledge required for admission into the School is stated, in the "Note" of Colonel Petitti, to be an acquaintance with Geometry and Algebra, as far as Equations of the Second Degree.

The practical work consists in the usual surveys of countries, plans, &c. The young Officers are taken by the Inspecting Colonel of the School into the country, and worked hard for four or five months. There have hitherto been only places for one or two of these Officers on the Staff at the end of the year, and these (as has been already mentioned) have always been the most distinguished pupils of the School. The rest become teachers in the regimental schools. Officers leaving the Staff School do not appear to have a right to a step immediately (as in Austria) by virtue of their having been at the School; but the Sardinian system of making all the appointments above the rank of Major by selection gives them a prospect of advancement. Examinations are held in the School every three months, at which the Professors give marks of proficiency; these are combined with those obtained in the final examinations in determining the position of the pupils.

The Professors in the Staff School are all military men. The building is very good, and, although small, contains a library, instruments, museum, and all the apparatus for maps.

Among the conditions which must be met favorably to be admitted to the Royal Staff Corps are the following:

Physique:

If the constitution is robust, sufficiently strong, or weak.

If the sight is good, acute, or short.

Intellectual Qualities:

If the intelligence is prompt, clear, reflective, and the mind orderly or confused.

If he is ready of speech, or uncommunicative.

Moral Qualities:

If he is honorable, and of a good disposition, with much or little expansion of character.

If of conciliatory or rough manners.

If peaceable, quick, or irascible.

If active, resolute, authoritative, timid, or feeble.

Education:

What degree of instruction he has arrived at in mathematics, in the theory and practice of surveying.

What ability in plan-sketching and topographical drawing.

If he cultivates any other branch of knowledge connected or unconnected with the Institute itself, and what.

If he is master of the Italian and French languages, so as to speak and write them with facility and correctness.