SILVER SUMMIT FINDS ORE

Recently, the southerly crosscut opened a 6-foot vein containing 2 feet of siderite, tetrahedrite, and chalcopyrite which assayed 33.8 ounces of silver and 5 percent of copper. Drifting on this structure will have to await crosscutting to the main vein, which lies more than 1,000 feet southerly. In the levels above, this new vain was exposed, but it was thought to be unimportant; hence, we may expect the much stronger veins on the upper levels to be of great interest when they are reached on the 3,000 level. This new commercial-grade exposure gives confidence to the operators of the other deep development programs and opens many other geological possibilities in the district.

The Coeur d'Alene Mines Corp. has the next deep shaft easterly from the Silver Summit. The early history of Coeur d'Alene mines is not unlike that of several other properties, early day development having disclosed meager near-surface shoots of ore which were sporadically worked, but deeper tunnel development gave little encouragement. Development of the Sunshine ore body and others gave the development of this property added impetus.

On the tunnel level, the Coeur d'Alene mines vein is a strong quartz and siderite vein almost entirely devoid of interesting sulfide mineralization. The vein is located in the block of ground bounded on the south by the Polaris fault and on the north by the St. Elmo fault. Where cut by the first shaft level, that is, the 1,000 level, a strong siderite vein contained excellent ore. The ore boy was developing along this level for more than 400 feet, and it later proved to extend upward approximately 600 feet higher, but never reached the tunnel level. The ore body has been mined through a vertical range of approximately 2,000 feet. The new deep level in the mine, known as the 2,800, is located approximately at sea level. The main vein has been cut on this level and drafting toward the ore shoot has begun. The results of development on this new, deep level should prove interesting.

In addition to drifting on their own vein, a long, southerly cross-cut is being driven to explore the American Silver, Silver Standard, Freeman-Sites, Michaels and Fahle, and Sterling Silver properties. Like cooperative programs in the Sunshine and Silver Summit areas, the Coeur d'Alene Mines Corp. and the Coeur d'Alene Consolidated Silver-Lead Mines, Inc., have arranged to explore veins of properties southerly from the Coeur d'Alene Mines shaft. Known veins at high elevations are to be explored at this sea level horizon under conditions which are expected to be favorable for the location of commercial ore shoots. Division of ore which may be found is covered by agreements among the several companies involved.

Coeur d'Alene Mines Corp. also controls the property of the Rainbow Mining Co. located easterly from the shaft. Plans for the development of this group have not been announced.

The St. Elmo property is not being developed by any of the current operating companies, but shallow work in the mine revealed a very interesting small shoot of silver-bearing ore containing considerable zinc. The veins occurs in the same fault block which contains the Coeur d'Alene Mines vein. As far as it has been developed in the shallow workings, the vein dips at a low angle toward the south.

The Argentine claim, easterly from the Rainbow property, received considerable attention during the early days of the camp. The vein was explored by shallow tunnels and a short shaft and stoping of the vein was continuous through a vertical range of almost 400 feet. The silver ore produced from this small stope is reported to have been of good grade. This vein lies between the Polaris and Argentine faults. It dips southerly 50°.

The Vulcan Silver-Lead Co. owns the Galena mine on Lake Gulch just west of Wallace. This is a new company, organized to develop a large number of claims which include the old Galena mine. This property was actively operated by the Callahan Zinc-Lead Co. during the period 1922 to 1938 and the mine produced about 136,000 tons of lead-silver ore from the 1,600 level to the surface, largely during the years 1926 to 1930. Adverse conditions caused the suspension of operations during the depression and the mine was allowed to fill with water. Ore was found in steep-dipping veins located a short distance south of, and in, the hanging wall of the Galena fault which may prove to be the easterly extension of the Polaris fault. Production came from several veins located in highly bleached argillaceous rocks of the Wallace formation.

VULCAN CO. EXPLORES AT DEPTH

Through an agreement betwen the Vulcan company and American Smelting and Refining Co., the latter is providing the funds and directing the work at the mine. Plans now being carried out include deepening the present shaft to a point approximately 3,000 feet below the surface or near sea level. Work on this new level will be directed to development of the Galena vein system approximately 1,500 feet below the former lowest level in the mine. It is expected that the smaller ore bodies in the bleached Wallace formation on the upper levels will give way to much larger and higher grade or bodies on the new deep level. This development program is another costly development venture, but the recent exposures in the Silver Belt amply justify the expectation of success. Recently it has been announced that the Day companies, owners of the Fern group, south of the Vulcan group, are to provide 25 percent of the cost of the shaft work. Final plans have not been released.

7. The East Silver Belt might be the proper designation of the section between Placer Creek on the west and the Atlas mine on the east, bounded on the north by the Osburn fault and extending southerly an indefinite distance. This area contains outcrops of broad continuous bleached zones similar to those in the Silver Belt, but no recent geological mapping of the area has been done by Government agencies, although shortly the United States Geological Survey expects to completely map the section. During the past year, Hecla Mining Co. has become interested in the vicinity of Rock Creek where it has acquired the Gem State group, the Nelson-Hansen group, and a large number of claims located on its own behalf. The property covers a section more than 2 miles in length east and west and almost that distance south of the South Fork of the Coeur d'Alene River.

Since the company became interested in the area, its geologists have mapped some of the main features and the results indicate the presence of very wide and continuous zones of intense bleaching in favorable St. Regis rocks reaching from this group easterly to the Atlas mine and beyond. Large folds similar to the Big Creek anticline follow the same general trend as the bleaching, and strong faults have been noted. Many siderite veins containing small amounts of lead, zinc, and silver have been discovered on the surface, and the veins, like those in the Silver Belt, appear to follow small tension fractures developed as a result of differential movement along the larger faults. Erosion has removed more unfavorable Wallace formation from much of the area and it has exposed bleached St. Regis quartzite rather deep beneath the Wallace-St. Regis contact.

The program of development of the area acquired by Hecla has not been completed, but surface prospecting by bulldozer work, some shallow-tunnel work, and geological mapping are planned for this season. A shaft is being sunk near the north side of the property in part of the Gem State group to explore veins outcropping near the South Fork.

The Moe property, east of the Rock Creek group, contains similar veins in bleached rock in close association with strong faulting.

The Atlas mine south of Mullan also occurs in the same belt of rocks, and several interesting lead-zinc showings have been found in shallow workings. In the Atlas area a prominent and very continuous zone of chloritized St. Regis quartzite traverses the property and bleaching, as a slightly later manifestation, affects the chloritized quartzite as well as the original purplish St. Regis.

8. The Lucky Friday area should properly be referred to in this presentation because it is one of the most encouraging deep developments now in progress in the Coeur d'Alene district. It is separated from the East Silver Belt by the Osburn fault and it might more properly be considered in connection with the Mullan area. However, this property is located in a block of ground between the White Ledge fault on the north and the Osburn fault on the south where little deep development has been attempted in the past. The work at the Lucky Friday has started much other development in the eastern extension of the same block of ground and currently Hunter Creek, Vindicator, and Idaho Silver are doing development work easterly from the Lucky Friday.

The Lucky Friday company started a shaft about 7 years ago from its tunnel level. This shaft opened several levels, and small shoots of ore on these levels provided most of the money necessary to develop the mine to the present bottom level which is the 1,400. In the mine the St. Regis quartzite is as intensely bleached as any of the rock in the Silver Belt and many small faults and strong zones of shearing indicate that it is an area of great structural disturbance. However, the vein has persisted and increased in metal content to the present

bottom level where the length of actual commercial ore has become of very great interest. The ore differs somewhat from that in the Silver Belt because along with a high silver content the vein carries abundant galena and considerable spalerite. At the present time the ore shoot is being prepared for stoping on the 1,400 and 1,000 level and an interesting production record will result. Deeper development is indicated for the future.

Hunter Creek and Lucky Friday Extension mining companies are using the Lucky Friday shaft in development of their properties also.

Operating mines in other parts of the Coeur d'Alene district are deepening their shafts in exploration of known ore shoots, and the deeper development of most of the operating mines results in extension of the shoots to increasingly deeper horizons.

It is proper that at this point we should consider the probability that most of the ore bodies found in the Coeur d'Alene district in the future will have very meager surface expressions, or none at all, and that ore bodies will be found mainly by persistent and extremely expensive exploration at depths which have made many pepole shudder when considering the costs involved.

[FROM WALLACE MINER, WALLACE, IDAHO, DECEMBER, 8, 1949] Record of Depth of and dividends paid by the mines of the Coeur d'Alene mining district of north Idaho, 1886–1949

The amount estimated for leasers and companies not listed is placed at a conservative figure rather than otherwise.

The list does not include records of personal and partnership profits in small operations, principally in placer mining in the Murray district.

RECORD OF A PIONEER MINING MAN OF THE COEUR D'ALENE MINING

DISTRICT-AUGUST PAULSEN

August Paulsen was born July 29, 1871, in Denmark, living there until 19, when he came to America. He arrived in Chicago June 1, 1891, and followed farm work in Illinois until September 1892, when he came to Spokane.

WORKED AT $6 A MONTH

Shortly after arriving in Spokane he went to work for a dairy company just east of the city at $6 a month. The company later failed and Mr. Paulsen went to Wallace, Idaho, in 1894. There he again engaged in the dairy business with Sylvester Markwell. By 1896 Mr. Paulsen had saved some money, being economical and thrifty, and when given the opportunity he purchased a quarter interest in the Hercules mine for $850. He retained this interest until the time of his death.

The story of the development of the Hercules mine reads with all the flavor of a romance. It is a story of confidence of men in their own knowledge and ability, backed by judgment and the hardest kind of back-breaking labor. It is a story of denial and poverty, which in the end, led to great wealth, not only to the men themselves but to the country in which they lived and helped to develop.

Until December 1901, Mr. Paulsen worked in the mine during the summer and handled the dairy business during the winter.

WAS POOR MAN'S MINE

The Hercules mine was essentially a poor man's mine. Associated with Mr. Paulsen were the Day brothers, Harry L., a mill man and bookkeeper; Eugene, a storekeeper at Kellogg; and Jerome, at school; C. H. (Dad) Reeves, a barber, now living in Spokane; L. W. Hutton, Spokane, then a locomotive engineer; Frank M. Rothrock, Spokane, then a provision dealer; Damion Cardoner, storekeeper; and the dairymen, the Markwells. Attorney H. F. Samuels later became interested, but sold out soon afterwards.

These men put all their earnings into the development of the mine, never losing faith. The "wise" ones laughed at them and called them fools for spending their money over such a fruitless proposition.

In June 1901 their dream began to materialize and the ore body was struck. It produced at one time 6 percent of the lead in the United States, and although it was shut down early in 1925 it will long remain as one of the happiest memories of the Coeur d'Alenes. That it was developed at all by a group of men with virtually no capital and that these same men held onto it until the end was in a great measure due to August Paulsen.

HARD, HAND DRILLING

To reach the first ore the men had to drill a tunnel 1,500 feet through solid rock by hand. Sometimes there would be five men working, sometimes two or even one. The owners worked out their assessments and persevered. When the ore body was struck it proved to be the best in the district, being a high grade of carbonate and galena carrying good values in silver.

The working of the mine called for hard manual labor upon the part of the partners. Mr. Paulsen put all his wages into the property, as did the other partners. The men were too poor to pay for the hauling in of the necessary timbers and at times one or two of them would go out and cut the timbers and haul them to the mine by hand.

Mr. Paulsen often related how they carried their supplies on their backs to the mine and one time in particular when he had taken a wheelbarrow and a few other things 1,500 feet up the mountain side on his back when the snow was soft and deep. He stated that he had traveled most of the way on his hands and knees.

PRODUCED $100,000,000

Since that time the mine has produced $100,000,000 and has paid dividends of approximately $18,000,000. After the closing down of the Hercules mine proper the partners incorporated the Hercules Mining Co. to work several other claims. During its remarkable career it had been operated on a partnership.

The mine itself was one of the wonders of the mining world. At one time the ore body was 53 feet wide and the east face on the 400-foot level contained streaks of high-grade ore 6 to 8 feet in width so rich that it was propelled out in wheelbarrows on a narrow plank for a long time.

In 1901 the mine produced 362 tons of ore and paid a dividend of $8,000. In 1902 it produced 5,003 tons with dividends of $94,200; 1903, 10,043 tons, $257,000; while in 1914 it produced 60,560 tons with dividends amounting to $2,176,000. Up until 1916 it paid out dividends to the partners nearly $10,000,000. From 1916 until 1925 it paid them $8,000,000 more.

BUILT OFFICE STRUCTURE

Since the mine was developed, Mr. Paulsen had been actively engaged in work in Spokane. In 1911 he completed the 11-story building at Riverside and Stevens which bears his name. The office building is thoroughly modern and one of the first strictly office buildings in the city.

RECORD OF A PIONEER MINING MAN OF MONTANA-MARCUS DALY

The memory of Marcus Daly on each succeeding anniversary bestirs his friends and brings back recollections of the man and his ways and the power and influence wielded by this captain of industry from the time of his arrival in Montana until the day of his death.

Marcus Daly was born in the year 1841 in County Cavan, Ireland. When a mere lad he came to the United States and, after a brief sojourn in New York, reached California over the route traveled by the early Argonauts, took up mining as an occupation, and followed that pursuit until he died, at first working as an ordinary miner and later as superintendent and director of mining operations. He left the Comstock where he had been employed in the heyday of Virginia City, went to eastern Nevada and was there engaged in the capacity of mining expert; thence to Utah in which Territory he was placed in charge of important mining development work by the Haggin-Hearst syndicate, R. C. Chambers, the Walker brothers of Salt Lake City, and others. Subsequently in 1876 he arrived in Montana, his destination being Walkerville, where at the behest of the Walkers he took charge of and operated the Alice silver mine, and, by reason of the ability he had shown as a miner in Utah, obtained an interest in the property. Selling his interest later on for something like a hundred thousand dollars, Mr. Daly contemplated investing a part of his fortune in property at Grass Valley, Calif., but fortunately changed his plans upon his attention being called to the Anaconda, then but a prospect, with a shaft but 60 feet in depth.

The Anaconda mine was bought by Mr. Daly in 1881 for $30,000, and soon after its purchase he succeeded in enlisting capital for its development, within a comparatively short time making the property a wonderful producer; and when its mineral wealth, together with that of other mines later acquired, was established, laid out the town of Anaconda, built smelters and subsequently a railway to transport the ores from mine to smelter. All this accomplished by his energy and pluck, for had he become discouraged at the outset as others before him, Butte might might yet be in its infancy.

When the outlook was the blackest and this far-seeing indomitable captain of men had practically exhausted his resources, it is said a fortunate circumstance placed in his hands a sufficient sum of money to transform otherwise inevitable defeat into certain victory. J. B. Haggin, with Senator George R. Hearst and Lloyd Tevis, of San Francisco, who had been visiting their Homestake properties in South Dakota, stopped at Butte on their way back to California to take a look at the new camp. Marcus Daly knew them well, having formerly been in their employ. He was up against it financially and appealed to them for aid, saying that in his judgment an additional 100 feet or so in depth would demonstrate the Anaconda to be a mine and not a prospect. In the Nevada country, where Mr. Haggin and his mining partners had operated extensively, the ledges had petered out at depth and there was no telling whether a similar situation did not exist in the Butte district. However, having confidence in his judgment, they advanced Mr. Daly the necessary funds with which to continue operations and secured an equal interest in the property, each becoming a one-fourth owner: and for years, until the Anaconda and other mines owned by the four men were acquired by the Amalgamated Copper Co., the Anaconda Mining Co. was what is generally known as a close corporation. But, up to the date of his death, Lloyd Tevis always declared that, though he had confidence in Marcus Daly's judgment, he thought he was chasing a chimera; that the theory upon the elaboration of which Mr. Daly had spent many sleepness nights and all his substance was fallacious, and that no abiding silvercopper deposits would ever be found in the Butte hill. Mr. Tevis and his partners never dreamed that the Anaconda would prove a more vertiable bonanza than the Comstock lode. As for Mr. Daly, he never doubted that he would be ultimately successful, and when a few months after the visit of Mr. Haggin